Articles

High output cardiac failure in 3 patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and hepatic vascular malformations, evaluation of treatment

This report addresses how patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and high output cardiac failure (HOCF) due to hepatic vascular malformations, should be evaluated and could be treated. HHT i...

Authors: Lilian B. Olsen, Anette D. Kjeldsen, Mikael K. Poulsen, Jens Kjeldsen and Annette D. Fialla

The genetic landscape of crystallins in congenital cataract

The crystalline lens is mainly composed of a large family of soluble proteins called the crystallins, which are responsible for its development, growth, transparency and refractive index. Disease-causing seque...

Authors: Vanita Berry, Alex Ionides, Nikolas Pontikos, Michalis Georgiou, Jing Yu, Louise A. Ocaka, Anthony T. Moore, Roy A. Quinlan and Michel Michaelides

The prognostic role of plasma fibrinogen in adult secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

In adult patients with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH), no valid immune biomarker has been available for predicting the prognosis of untreated sHLH patients.

Authors: Guangli Yin, Changfeng Man, Jiayu Huang, Shengen Liao, Xin Gao, Tian Tian, Limin Duan, Ji Xu and Hongxia Qiu

Incidence of inherited metabolic disorders in southern Israel: a comparison between consanguinity and non-consanguinity communities

Inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) are group of rare monogenic diseases, usually derived from reduced or absent activity in a single metabolic pathway. Most of the IMDs are inherited in an autosomal recessiv...

Authors: G. Hazan, E. Hershkovitz and O. Staretz-Chacham

Data from the European registry for patients with McArdle disease and other muscle glycogenoses (EUROMAC)

The European registry for patients with McArdle disease and other muscle glycogenoses (EUROMAC) was launched to register rare muscle glycogenoses in Europe, to facilitate recruitment for research trials and to...

Authors: Renata S. Scalco, Alejandro Lucia, Alfredo Santalla, Andrea Martinuzzi, Marinela Vavla, Gianluigi Reni, Antonio Toscano, Olimpia Musumeci, Nicol C. Voermans, Carlyn V. Kouwenberg, Pascal Laforêt, Beatriz San-Millán, Irene Vieitez, Gabriele Siciliano, Enrico Kühnle, Rebeca Trost…

Orofacial features and pediatric dentistry in the long-term management of Infantile Pompe Disease children

Glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII) or Pompe disease is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that leads to intracellular glycogen storage in many tissues, mainly in skeletal muscle, heart and liv...

Authors: Angela Galeotti, Sara De Rosa, Roberto Uomo, Carlo Dionisi-Vici, Federica Deodato, Roberta Taurisano, Giorgia Olivieri and Paola Festa

Clinical disease progression and biomarkers in Niemann–Pick disease type C: a prospective cohort study

Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare, progressive, neurodegenerative disease associated with neurovisceral manifestations resulting from lysosomal dysfunction and aberrant lipid accumulation. A multicen...

Authors: Eugen Mengel, Bruno Bembi, Mireia del Toro, Federica Deodato, Matthias Gautschi, Stephanie Grunewald, Sabine Grønborg, Bénédicte Héron, Esther M. Maier, Agathe Roubertie, Saikat Santra, Anna Tylki-Szymanska, Simon Day, Tara Symonds, Stacie Hudgens, Marc C. Patterson…

Gut microbiome signature of Viliuisk encephalomyelitis in Yakuts includes an increase in microbes linked to lean body mass and eating behaviour

Viliuisk encephalomyelitis (VE) is a rare endemic neurodegenerative disease occurring in the Yakut population of Northeastern Siberia. The main clinical features of VE are spasticity, dysarthria, dementia, cen...

Authors: Veronika Kuznetsova, Alexander Tyakht, Lyudmila Akhmadishina, Vera Odintsova, Natalia Klimenko, Elena Kostryukova, Maria Vakhitova, Tatyana Grigoryeva, Sergey Malanin, Vsevolod Vladimirtsev, Raisa Nikitina, Viktor Volok, Vladimir Osakovskiy, Tatiana Sivtseva, Fyodor Platonov, Dmitry Alexeev…

Outcomes of 42 pregnancies in 14 women with cartilage-hair hypoplasia: a retrospective cohort study

Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by disproportionate short stature, immunodeficiency, anemia and risk of malignancies. All these features can affect pregnancy and pred...

Authors: Elina Holopainen, Svetlana Vakkilainen and Outi Mäkitie

Clinical features of a Chinese female nongestational choriocarcinoma cohort: a retrospective study of 37 patients

Choriocarcinoma is a rare malignant neoplasm, which is classified as either gestational choriocarcinoma or nongestational choriocarcinoma. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical characteristics ...

Authors: Yuming Shao, Yang Xiang, Fang Jiang, Boju Pan, Xirun Wan, Junjun Yang, Fengzhi Feng, Tong Ren and Jun Zhao

Estimated prevalence of mucopolysaccharidoses from population-based exomes and genomes

In this study, the prevalence of different types of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) was estimated based on data from the exome aggregation consortium (ExAC) and the genome aggregation database (gnomAD). The popula...

Authors: Pâmella Borges, Gabriela Pasqualim, Roberto Giugliani, Filippo Vairo and Ursula Matte

Pain drawings as a diagnostic tool for the differentiation between two pain-associated rare diseases (Ehlers-Danlos-Syndrome, Guillain-Barré-Syndrome)

The diagnosis of rare diseases poses a particular challenge to clinicians. This study analyzes whether patients’ pain drawings (PDs) help in the differentiation of two pain-associated rare diseases, Ehlers-Dan...

Authors: Larissa Wester, Martin Mücke, Tim Theodor Albert Bender, Julia Sellin, Frank Klawonn, Rupert Conrad and Natasza Szczypien

Neurocognition in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome: influence of genotype and ventilation method

Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) is characterized by central hypoventilation due to abnormal autonomic control of breathing and global dysautonomia. Patients harbour heterozygous PHOX-2B gene mu...

Authors: Ha Trang, Pauline Bourgeois and Fawzia Cheliout-Heraut

Trends of congenital hypothyroidism and inborn errors of metabolism in Pakistan

Metabolic disorders are heterogeneous group of genetic disorders that are responsible for significant neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In developing countries like Pakistan where infant m...

Authors: Sumreena Mansoor

Compound heterozygous inheritance of two novel COQ2 variants results in familial coenzyme Q deficiency

Primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency is a rare disease that results in diverse and variable clinical manifestations. Nephropathy, myopathy and neurologic involvement are commonly associated, however retinopathy has...

Authors: Aliaa H. Abdelhakim, Avinash V. Dharmadhikari, Sara D. Ragi, Jose Ronaldo Lima de Carvalho Jr., Christine L. Xu, Amanda L. Thomas, Christie M. Buchovecky, Mahesh M. Mansukhani, Ali B. Naini, Jun Liao, Vaidehi Jobanputra, Irene H. Maumenee and Stephen H. Tsang

Specific populations of urinary extracellular vesicles and proteins differentiate type 1 primary hyperoxaluria patients without and with nephrocalcinosis or kidney stones

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is associated with nephrocalcinosis (NC) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones (KS). Populations of urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) can reflect kidney pathology. The ...

Authors: Muthuvel Jayachandran, Stanislav V. Yuzhakov, Sanjay Kumar, Nicholas B. Larson, Felicity T. Enders, Dawn S. Milliner, Andrew D. Rule and John C. Lieske

The GBA p.G85E mutation in Korean patients with non-neuronopathic Gaucher disease: founder and neuroprotective effects

Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by a deficiency of β-glucocerebrosidase, encoded by GBA. Haplotype analyses previously demonstrated founder effects for particular GBA mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish and French-Canad...

Authors: Yoo-Mi Kim, Jin-Ho Choi, Gu-Hwan Kim, Young Bae Sohn, Jung Min Ko, Beom Hee Lee, Chong Kun Cheon, Han Hyuk Lim, Sun-Hee Heo and Han-Wook Yoo

Clinical and genetic characteristics and prenatal diagnosis of patients presented GDD/ID with rare monogenic causes

Global developmental delay/intellectual disability (GDD/ID), used to be named as mental retardation (MR), is one of the most common phenotypes in neurogenetic diseases. In this study, we described the diagnost...

Authors: Liling Lin, Ying Zhang, Hong Pan, Jingmin Wang, Yu Qi and Yinan Ma

Study on clinical and biological characteristics of ameloblastic carcinoma

Ameloblastic carcinoma (AC) is an odontogenic malignant tumor which is closely related to benign ameloblastoma. Because of its rarity, diagnosis and treatment are difficult. In this study, we summarized and an...

Authors: Zhixing Niu, Ye Li, Wantao Chen, Junfang Zhao, Hongyu Zheng, Qing Deng, Zhian Zha, Hao Zhu, Qiang Sun and Lei Su

Improvements needed to support people living and working with a rare disease in Northern Ireland: current rare disease support perceived as inadequate

Many people living and working with rare diseases describe consistent difficulties accessing appropriate information and support. In this study an evaluation of the awareness of rare diseases, alongside relate...

Authors: Julie McMullan, Ashleen L. Crowe, Caitlin Bailie, Kerry Moore, Lauren S. McMullan, Nahid Shamandi, Helen McAneney and Amy Jayne McKnight

10th European Conference on Rare Diseases & Orphan Products (ECRD 2020)

Authors:

Survival and diagnostic age of 175 Taiwanese patients with mucopolysaccharidoses (1985–2019)

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of inherited metabolic diseases, which are characterized by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, and eventually lead to the progressive damage of various tissues and...

Authors: Hsiang-Yu Lin, Chung-Lin Lee, Chia-Ying Chang, Pao Chin Chiu, Yin-Hsiu Chien, Dau-Ming Niu, Fuu-Jen Tsai, Wuh-Liang Hwu, Shio Jean Lin, Ju-Li Lin, Mei-Chyn Chao, Tung-Ming Chang, Wen-Hui Tsai, Tzu-Jou Wang, Chih-Kuang Chuang and Shuan-Pei Lin

Chronic lymphedema in patients with kaposiform hemangioendothelioma: incidence, clinical features, risk factors and management

There are no cohort studies of chronic lymphedema in patients with kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE). We sought to characterize the incidence, clinical features, risk factors and management of chronic lymp...

Authors: Yi Ji, Siyuan Chen, Chuncao Xia, Jiangyuan Zhou, Xian Jiang, Xuewen Xu, Kaiying Yang, Xuepeng Zhang, Feiteng Kong, Guoyan Lu and Yongbo Zhang

Mandibular involvement in SAPHO syndrome: a retrospective study

Mandible osteomyelitis can occur in synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome, a rare chronic inflammatory disease; however, few studies have explored its characteristics and man...

Authors: Mu Wang, Yueting Li, Yihan Cao, Xinyu Lu, Yuchen Liu, Jizhi Zhao, Wen Zhang and Chen Li

A retrospective review of the contribution of rare diseases to paediatric mortality in Ireland

To ascertain the number of paediatric deaths (0–14 years) with an underlying rare disease in the Republic of Ireland between the years 2006–2016, and to analyse bed usage by a paediatric cohort of rare disease...

Authors: Emer Gunne, Cliona McGarvey, Karina Hamilton, Eileen Treacy, Deborah M. Lambert and Sally Ann Lynch

Maple syrup urine disease in Brazilian patients: variants and clinical phenotype heterogeneity

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disease caused by deficient activity of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD) enzymatic complex. BCKD is a mitochond...

Authors: Ana Vitoria Barban Margutti, Wilson Araújo Silva Jr., Daniel Fantozzi Garcia, Greice Andreotti de Molfetta, Adriana Aparecida Marques, Tatiana Amorim, Vânia Mesquita Gadelha Prazeres, Raquel Tavares Boy da Silva, Irene Kazue Miura, João Seda Neto, Emerson de Santana Santos, Mara Lúcia Schmitz Ferreira Santos, Charles Marques Lourenço, Tássia Tonon, Fernanda Sperb-Ludwig, Carolina Fischinger Moura de Souza…

Therapeutic options for patients with rare rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Rare diseases (RDs) in rheumatology as a group have a high prevalence, but randomized controlled trials are hampered by their heterogeneity and low individual prevalence. To survey the current evidence of phar...

Authors: Tim T. A. Bender, Judith Leyens, Julia Sellin, Dmitrij Kravchenko, Rupert Conrad, Martin Mücke and Matthias F. Seidel

Why is misdiagnosis more likely among some people with rare diseases than others? Insights from a population-based cross-sectional study in China

For patients with rare diseases (RD), misdiagnosis (or erroneous diagnosis) is one of the key issues that hinder RD patients’ accessibility to timely treatment. Yet, little is known about the main factors that...

Authors: Dong Dong, Roger Yat-Nork Chung, Rufina H. W. Chan, Shiwei Gong and Richard Huan Xu

SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient with propionic acidemia

We describe a 14-month-old boy, with a previous diagnosis of propionic acidemia (PA) by expanded newborn screening, who, admitted for a suspected metabolic crisis, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Since propion...

Authors: Anna Caciotti, Elena Procopio, Francesca Pochiero, Silvia Falliano, Giuseppe Indolfi, Maria Alice Donati, Lorenzo Ferri, Renzo Guerrini and Amelia Morrone

Parachute tricuspid valve: a systematic review

A parachute tricuspid valve is a very rare congenital cardiac anomaly. Its morphological features and clinical implications have not been sufficiently described so far. The purpose of the present systematic re...

Authors: Shi-Min Yuan

Design, development and deployment of a web-based interoperable registry for inherited retinal dystrophies in Portugal: the IRD-PT

The development of multicenter patient registries promotes the generation of scientific knowledge by using real-world data. A country-wide, web-based registry for inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) empowers ...

Authors: João Pedro Marques, Ana Luísa Carvalho, José Henriques, Joaquim Neto Murta, Jorge Saraiva and Rufino Silva

The effect of the glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor lucerastat on cardiac repolarization: results from a thorough QT study in healthy subjects

Fabry disease is a rare inherited glycosphingolipid storage disorder caused by deleterious mutations in the GLA gene coding for the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A. The glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor luce...

Authors: Markus S. Mueller, Patricia N. Sidharta, Christine Voors-Pette, Borje Darpo, Hongqi Xue and Jasper Dingemanse

Novel GANAB variants associated with polycystic liver disease

Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is an inherited disorder characterized by numerous cysts in the liver. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney and liver disease (ADPKD and ADPLD, respectively) have been linked to ...

Authors: Liyanne F. M. van de Laarschot, René H. M. te Morsche, Alexander Hoischen, Hanka Venselaar, Hennie M. Roelofs, Wybrich R. Cnossen, Jesus M. Banales, Ronald Roepman and Joost P. H. Drenth

Apparently benign craniocervical signs in achondroplasia: “neurologic leftovers” identified through a retrospective dataset

Achondroplasia is the most common dwarfing disorder. It can result in a variety of sequelae, including neurologic complications, among which high cervical myelopathy is one of particular concern. However, some...

Authors: Cory J. Smid, Janet M. Legare, Peggy Modaff and Richard M. Pauli

Myocardial disease and ventricular arrhythmia in Marfan syndrome: a prospective study

Aortic root dilatation and—dissection and mitral valve prolapse are established cardiovascular manifestations in Marfan syndrome (MFS). Heart failure and arrhythmic sudden cardiac death have emerged as additio...

Authors: Laura Muiño-Mosquera, Hans De Wilde, Daniel Devos, Danilo Babin, Luc Jordaens, Anthony Demolder, Katya De Groote, Daniel De Wolf and Julie De Backer

Revesz syndrome revisited

Revesz syndrome (RS) is an extremely rare variant of dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) with only anecdotal reports in the literature.

Authors: Michael Karremann, Eva Neumaier-Probst, Frank Schlichtenbrede, Fabian Beier, Tim H. Brümmendorf, Friedrich W. Cremer, Peter Bader and Matthias Dürken

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency: updating the clinical, metabolic and mutational landscapes in a cohort of Portuguese patients

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes the irreversible decarboxylation of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. PDC deficiency can be caused by alterations in any of the genes encoding its several subunits. T...

Authors: Hana Pavlu-Pereira, Maria João Silva, Cristina Florindo, Sílvia Sequeira, Ana Cristina Ferreira, Sofia Duarte, Ana Luísa Rodrigues, Patrícia Janeiro, Anabela Oliveira, Daniel Gomes, Anabela Bandeira, Esmeralda Martins, Roseli Gomes, Sérgia Soares, Isabel Tavares de Almeida, João B. Vicente…

Correlation of clinical signs and symptoms of Behçet’s disease with mean platelet volume (MPV) and red cell distribution width (RDW)

A strong correlation was previously found between mean platelet volume (MPV), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), and the severity of signs and symptoms in patients suffering from inflammatory and autoimm...

Authors: Maryam Masoumi, Soraya Shadmanfar, Fereydoun Davatchi, Farhad Shahram, Massoomeh Akhlagi, Tahereh Faezi, Hoda Kavosi, Soroush Moradi and Javad Balasi

English version of the self-administered Fabry Pain Questionnaire for adult patients

Pain is an early symptom of Fabry disease (FD) and is characterized by a unique phenotype with mainly episodic acral and triggerable burning pain. Recently, we designed and validated the first pain questionnai...

Authors: Ana Jovanovic, Philipp Klassen, Peter Heuschmann, Claudia Sommer, Mark Roberts and Nurcan Üçeyler

Dietary iron intake and anemia: food frequency questionnaire in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a multisystemic inherited vascular disease characterized by a heterogeneous clinical presentation and prognosis. Dietary evaluation is relevant in HHT patients to...

Authors: Federica Cavalcoli, Alberto Gandini, Irene Aglaia Matelloni, Francesca Catalano, Saverio Alicante, Guido Manfredi, Gianfranco Brambilla, Fernanda Menozzi, Federica Perolini, Egon Costi, Roberto Bertè and Elisabetta Buscarini

The adult phenotype of Schaaf-Yang syndrome

MAGEL2-associated Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SHFYNG, OMIM #615547, ORPHA: 398069), which was identified in 2013, is a rare disorder caused by truncating variants of the paternal copy of MAGEL2, which is localized in t...

Authors: Felix Marbach, Magdeldin Elgizouli, Megan Rech, Jasmin Beygo, Florian Erger, Clara Velmans, Constance T. R. M. Stumpel, Alexander P. A. Stegmann, Stefanie Beck-Wödl, Gabriele Gillessen-Kaesbach, Bernhard Horsthemke, Christian P. Schaaf and Alma Kuechler

Coping with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: quality of life and psychosocial features of family carers

Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS) is a rare, congenital disease characterized by a distinctive facial phenotype, seizures, intellectual disability and developmental delay, and pre and postnatal growth requiring l...

Authors: Sarah Berrocoso, Imanol Amayra, Esther Lázaro, Oscar Martínez, Juan Francisco López-Paz, Maitane García, Manuel Pérez, Mohammad Al-Rashaida, Alicia Aurora Rodríguez, Paula Maria Luna, Paula Pérez-Núñez, Raquel Blanco and Julián Nevado

Small molecule drug development for rare genodermatoses – evaluation of the current status in epidermolysis bullosa

Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprises a heterogeneous group of rare genodermatoses, which are caused by mutations in genes involved in the maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of de...

Authors: Verena Wally, Manuela Reisenberger, Sophie Kitzmüller and Martin Laimer

European expert network on rare communicable diseases and other rare diseases linked to mobility and globalisation focused on health care provision (EURaDMoG): a feasibility study

In the current mobility and globalization context, there is a growing need to identify potential changes on the pattern of diseases in the European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) and provide accurate ...

Authors: Ana Requena-Méndez, Zeno Bisoffi, Joan-Lluis Vives-Corrons, Joaquim Gascon and Antoni Plasència

Optimising the mutation screening strategy in Marfan syndrome and identifying genotypes with more severe aortic involvement

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a systemic connective tissue disorder with life-threatening manifestations affecting the ascending aorta. MFS is caused by dominant negative (DN) and haploinsufficient (HI) mutations o...

Authors: Roland Stengl, András Bors, Bence Ágg, Miklós Pólos, Gabor Matyas, Mária Judit Molnár, Bálint Fekete, Dóra Csabán, Hajnalka Andrikovics, Béla Merkely, Tamás Radovits, Zoltán Szabolcs and Kálmán Benke

Clinical features of genetically characterized types of hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhibitor: a systematic review of qualitative evidence

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) with normal C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) (HAEnCI) is associated with skin swellings, abdominal attacks, and the risk of asphyxia due to upper airway obstruction. Several different gene mut...

Authors: Konrad Bork, Thomas Machnig, Karin Wulff, Guenther Witzke, Subhransu Prusty and Jochen Hardt

Creation and implementation of a European registry for patients with McArdle disease and other muscle glycogenoses (EUROMAC registry)

International patient registries are of particular importance for rare disorders, as they may contribute to overcome the lack of knowledge derived from low number of patients and limited awareness of these dis...

Authors: Tomàs Pinós, Antoni L. Andreu, Claudio Bruno, Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou, Ronald G. Haller, Pascal Laforêt, Alejandro Lucía, Miguel A. Martín, Andrea Martinuzzi, Carmen Navarro, Piraye Oflazer, Jean Pouget, Ros Quinlivan, Sabrina Sacconi, Renata S. Scalco, Antonio Toscano…

Phenotypic and genetic spectrum of isolated macrodactyly: somatic mosaicism of PIK3CA and AKT1 oncogenic variants

Isolated macrodactyly is a severe congenital hand anomaly with functional and physiological impact. Known causative genes include PIK3CA, AKT1 and PTEN. The aim of this study is to gain insights into the genetics...

Authors: Wen Tian, Yingzhao Huang, Liying Sun, Yang Guo, Sen Zhao, Mao Lin, Xiying Dong, Wenyao Zhong, Yuehan Yin, Zefu Chen, Nan Zhang, Yuanqiang Zhang, Lianlei Wang, Jiachen Lin, Zihui Yan, Xinzhuang Yang…

Patient-reported outcomes on familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP)

Transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (ATTR-FAP) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disease affecting multiple organ systems. ATTR-FAP patients’ experiences have rarely been documented. The aim of ...

Authors: Fabian J. Bolte, Christel Langenstroer, Frauke Friebel, Anna Hüsing-Kabar, Martin Dugas and Hartmut H. Schmidt

Rosai–Dorfman disease mimicking IgG4-related diseases: a single-center experience in China

Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD) and IgG4-related (IgG4-RD) disease are both rare diseases, but in some cases, RDD mimics IgG4-RD clinically and pathologically. RDD mimicking IgG4-RDs (RDD mimic IgG4-RD), referring...

Authors: Li Wang, Wei Li, Shangzhu Zhang, Linyi Peng, Min Shen, Shuoning Song, Wei Zhang, Xinxin Cao, Ruie Feng and Wen Zhang