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  1. Rare diseases are ailments which impose a heavy burden on individual patients and global society as a whole. The rare disease management landscape is not a smooth one—a rare disease is quite often hard to diag...

    Authors: Xiaoshu Cai, Georgi Z. Genchev, Ping He, Hui Lu and Guangjun Yu
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:262
  2. To report Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) cases with non-definitive clues in the family or personal history and finally diagnosed through pathological examination and STK11 gene mutation test.

    Authors: Yu-Liang Jiang, Xiao-Dong Xu, Bai-Rong Li, En-Da Yu, Zi-Ye Zhao and Hong Liu
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:261
  3. To investigate the genetic contribution of copy number variations (CNVs) in Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4 (WNT4), in a Chinese population with Müllerian anomalies (MA), copy number analysis...

    Authors: Ying Zhu, Ruyi Wang, Yun Cheng, Yang Han, Tengyan Li, Yunxia Cao and Binbin Wang
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:258
  4. This research aimed to establish recommendations on the clinical and genetic characteristics necessary to confirm patient eligibility for gene supplementation with voretigene neparvovec.

    Authors: Andrea Sodi, Sandro Banfi, Francesco Testa, Michele Della Corte, Ilaria Passerini, Elisabetta Pelo, Settimio Rossi and Francesca Simonelli
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:257
  5. While therapeutic advances have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1), adherence to dietary and pharmacological treatments is essential for an optimal clinic...

    Authors: Domingo González-Lamuño, Paula Sánchez-Pintos, Fernando Andrade, María L. Couce and Luís Aldámiz-Echevarría
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:256
  6. Glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD Ia) is characterized by severe fasting hypoglycemia. The clinical management includes the administration of uncooked cornstarch (UCCS). Although such a diet approach is ef...

    Authors: Vaneisse C. L. Monteiro, Bibiana M. de Oliveira, Bruna B. dos Santos, Fernanda Sperb-Ludwig, Lilia F. Refosco, Tatiele Nalin, Terry G. J. Derks, Carolina F. Moura de Souza and Ida V. D. Schwartz
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:254
  7. Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in elevated concentrations of phenylalanine (Phe) in the blood. If left untreated, the accumulation of Phe can result ...

    Authors: Pamela K. Foreman, Andrea V. Margulis, Kimberly Alexander, Renee Shediac, Brian Calingaert, Abenah Harding, Manel Pladevall-Vila and Sarah Landis
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:253
  8. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Peipei Ma, Shu Zhang, Hao Zhang, Siying Fang, Yuru Dong, Yan Zhang, Weiwei Hao, Shiwen Wu and Yuying Zhao
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:252

    The original article was published in Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2018 13:109

  9. The European Rare Kidney Disease Reference Network (ERKNet) recently established ERKReg, a Web-based registry for all patients with rare kidney diseases. The main objectives of this core registry are to genera...

    Authors: Giulia Bassanese, Tanja Wlodkowski, Aude Servais, Laurence Heidet, Dario Roccatello, Francesco Emma, Elena Levtchenko, Gema Ariceta, Justine Bacchetta, Giovambattista Capasso, Augustina Jankauskiene, Marius Miglinas, Pietro Manuel Ferraro, Giovanni Montini, Jun Oh, Stephane Decramer…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:251
  10. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a monogenetic, multisystem disorder characterized by benign growths due to TSC1 or TSC2 mutations. This German multicenter study estimated the costs and related cost drivers as...

    Authors: Johann Philipp Zöllner, Janina Grau, Felix Rosenow, Matthias Sauter, Markus Knuf, Gerhard Kurlemann, Thomas Mayer, Christoph Hertzberg, Astrid Bertsche, Ilka Immisch, Karl Martin Klein, Susanne Knake, Klaus Marquard, Sascha Meyer, Anna H. Noda, Felix von Podewils…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:250
  11. Patients with rare cancers face challenges in the diagnostic and treatment phase, and in access to clinical expertise. Since studies on health care experiences of these patients in comparison to patients with ...

    Authors: Eline de Heus, Vivian Engelen, Irene Dingemans, Carol Richel, Marga Schrieks, Jan Maarten van der Zwan, Marc G. Besselink, Mark I. van Berge Henegouwen, Carla M. L. van Herpen and Saskia F. A. Duijts
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:249
  12. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Valerie A. I. Natale, Tim J. Cole, Cynthia Rothblum-Oviatt, Jennifer Wright, Thomas O. Crawford, Maureen A. Lefton-Greif, Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow, Haley Schlechter and Howard M. Lederman
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:248

    The original article was published in Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:123

  13. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Young-In Chi, Timothy J. Stodola, Thiago M. De Assuncao, Elise N. Leverence, Swarnendu Tripathi, Nikita R. Dsouza, Angela J. Mathison, Donald G. Basel, Brian F. Volkman, Brian C. Smith, Gwen Lomberk, Michael T. Zimmermann and Raul Urrutia
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:247

    The original article was published in Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:66

  14. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Eugen Mengel, Bruno Bembi, Mireia del Toro, Federica Deodato, Matthias Gautschi, Stephanie Grunewald, Sabine Grønborg, Bénédicte Héron, Esther M. Maier, Agathe Roubertie, Saikat Santra, Anna Tylki-Szymanska, Simon Day, Tara Symonds, Stacie Hudgens, Marc C. Patterson…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:246

    The original article was published in Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:328

  15. Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetically determined systemic connective tissue disorder, caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene. In MFS mainly the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and ocular systems are affected. The...

    Authors: Roland Stengl, Bence Ágg, Miklós Pólos, Gábor Mátyás, Gábor Szabó, Béla Merkely, Tamás Radovits, Zoltán Szabolcs and Kálmán Benke
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:245
  16. Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease is an exciting field of study, with a growing number of causal genes and an expanding phenotypic spectrum. The microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2 gene (MORC2) was newly...

    Authors: Xiaohui Duan, Xiaoxuan Liu, Guochun Wang, Weihong Gu, Min Xu, Ying Hao, Mingrui Dong, Qing Sun, Shaojie Sun, Yuanyuan Chen, Wei Wang, Jing Li, Yuting Zhang, Zhenhua Cao, Dongsheng Fan, Renbin Wang…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:244
  17. Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is a condition whose manifestations in childhood have been extensively described, but whose presentation in adults is less well known. This study describes the clinical and genetic char...

    Authors: Elena Cristina De Sautu De Borbón, Juan Manuel Guerra Vales, Carlos Lumbreras Bermejo, Felix Guerrero Ramos, María José Buj Padilla, Jesús González de la Aleja and Montserrat Morales Conejo
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:243
  18. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare, inherited lysosomal storage disorders characterized by progressive multiorgan involvement. Previous studies on incidence and prevalence of MPS mainly focused on countries ...

    Authors: Yana Puckett, Alejandra Mallorga-Hernández and Adriana M. Montaño
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:241
  19. Classic galactosemia (OMIM #230400) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase gene (GALT; 606999) on chr...

    Authors: Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek, Anna Bauer, Katarzyna Wertheim-Tysarowska, Jerzy Bal, Agnieszka Magdalena Rygiel and Jolanta Sykut-Cegielska
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:239
  20. Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII), also known as Sly syndrome, caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme β-glucuronidase, is an ultra-rare disorder with scarce epidemiological data and few publicatio...

    Authors: Roberto Giugliani, Anneliese Lopes Barth, Melissa Rossi Calvão Dumas, José Francisco da Silva Franco, Liane de Rosso Giuliani, Carlos Henrique Paiva Grangeiro, Dafne Dain Gandelman Horovitz, Chong Ae Kim, Emilia Katiane Embiruçu de Araújo Leão, Paula Frassinetti Vasconcelos de Medeiros, Diego Santana Chaves Geraldo Miguel, Maria Espírito Santo Almeida Moreira, Helena Maria Guimarães Pimentel dos Santos, Luiz Carlos Santana da Silva, Luiz Roberto da Silva, Isabel Neves de Souza…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:238
  21. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe rare progressive inherited neuromuscular disorder, leading to loss of ambulation (LOA) and premature mortality. The standard of care for patients with DMD has been...

    Authors: Shelagh M. Szabo, Renna M. Salhany, Alison Deighton, Meagan Harwood, Jean Mah and Katherine L. Gooch
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:237
  22. Little is known about the spectrum of everyday challenges that people with skeletal dysplasia face because of their health and functioning. We aimed to identify factors related to health, functioning and disab...

    Authors: Heidi Anttila, Susanna Tallqvist, Minna Muñoz, Sanna Leppäjoki-Tiistola, Outi Mäkitie and Sinikka Hiekkala
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:236
  23. Wolman disease is a rare, lysosomal storage disorder in which biallelic variants in the LIPA gene result in reduced or complete lack of lysosomal acid lipase. The accumulation of the substrates; cholesterol ester...

    Authors: Jane E. Potter, Gemma Petts, Arunabha Ghosh, Fiona J. White, Jane L. Kinsella, Stephen Hughes, Jane Roberts, Adam Hodgkinson, Kathryn Brammeier, Heather Church, Christine Merrigan, Joanne Hughes, Pamela Evans, Helen Campbell, Denise Bonney, William G. Newman…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:235
  24. Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that presents with physical symptoms that can negatively impact numerous areas of one’s life, including occupational and psychological functioning, with dec...

    Authors: Frank D. Buono, Matthew E. Sprong, Erina Paul, Staci Martin, Kaitlyn Larkin and Amir Garakani
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:234
  25. Pompe disease (PD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the acid α-glucosidase gene (GAA) that produces defects in the lysosomal acid α-1,4-glucosidase. We aimed to identi...

    Authors: Paula Hernández-Arévalo, José D. Santotoribio, Rocío Delarosa-Rodríguez, Antonio González-Meneses, Salvador García-Morillo, Pilar Jiménez-Arriscado, Juan M. Guerrero and Hada C. Macher
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:233
  26. The effects of thymectomy on late-onset non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis (NTMG) remain controversial. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review in order to answer two questions pertinent ...

    Authors: Jinwei Zhang, Yuan Chen, Hui Zhang, Zhaoyu Yang and Peng Zhang
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:232
  27. Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII) is the most common form of primordial dwarfism, caused by bialleic mutations in the pericentrin gene (PCNT). Aside from its classic features, the...

    Authors: Angela L. Duker, Dagmar Kinderman, Christy Jordan, Tim Niiler, Carissa M. Baker-Smith, Louise Thompson, David A. Parry, Ricki S. Carroll and Michael B. Bober
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:231
  28. Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is an inherited, autosomal-dominant, tumor predisposition syndrome with a birth incidence as high as 1:2000. A patient with NF1 is four to five times more likely to develop a malignan...

    Authors: Christina Bergqvist, François Hemery, Arnaud Jannic, Salah Ferkal and Pierre Wolkenstein
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:230
  29. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a severe intoxication-type metabolic disorder with multisystem clinical features and leading to early death. In 2014, based on the promising results obtained by liver-target...

    Authors: Giorgia Olivieri, Diego Martinelli, Daniela Longo, Chiara Grimaldi, Daniela Liccardo, Ivano Di Meo, Andrea Pietrobattista, Anna Sidorina, Michela Semeraro and Carlo Dionisi-Vici
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:229
  30. Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune skin blistering disease characterized by autoimmunity against the hemidesmosomal proteins BP180, type XVII collagen, and BP230. To elucidate the genetic ba...

    Authors: Christian Schwarm, Damian Gola, Maike M. Holtsche, Anabelle Dieterich, Anita Bhandari, Miriam Freitag, Peter Nürnberg, Mohammad Toliat, Wolfgang Lieb, Michael Wittig, André Franke, Margitta Worm, Michael Sticherling, Jan Ehrchen, Claudia Günther, Regine Gläser…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:228
  31. Canavan disease (CD, MIM # 271900) is a rare and devastating leukodystrophy of early childhood. To identify clinical features that could serve as endpoints for treatment trials, the clinical course of CD was s...

    Authors: Annette Bley, Jonas Denecke, Alfried Kohlschütter, Gerhard Schön, Sandra Hischke, Philipp Guder, Tatjana Bierhals, Heather Lau, Maja Hempel and Florian S. Eichler
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:227
  32. Propionic acidemia (PA), an inborn error of metabolism, is caused by a deficiency in propionyl-CoA carboxylase. Patients have to follow a diet restricted in the propiogenic amino acids isoleucine (Ile), valine...

    Authors: Sinziana Stanescu, Amaya Belanger-Quintana, Borja Manuel Fernandez-Felix, Francisco Arrieta, Victor Quintero, Maria Soledad Maldonado, Patricia Alcaide and Mercedes Martínez-Pardo
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:226
  33. Relapsing polychondritis (RPC) is a rare autoimmune disease and its early diagnosis remains challenging. Defining the clinical patterns and disease course may help early recognition of RPC.

    Authors: Lei Zhang, Shuang Yun, Tiange Wu, Yujie He, Jinyan Guo, Lishuai Han, Jiameng Lu, Xiaojun Liu, Rui Yang, Shitao Zhang, Tianfang Li and Shengyun Liu
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:225
  34. Beta-ketothiolase deficiency (BKTD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic mutation of ACAT1 that affects both isoleucine catabolism and ketolysis. There is little information available regarding ...

    Authors: Yiming Lin, Zhantao Yang, Chiju Yang, Haili Hu, Haiyan He, Tingting Niu, Mingfang Liu, Dongjuan Wang, Yun Sun, Yuyan Shen, Xiaole Li, Huiming Yan, Yuanyuan Kong and Xinwen Huang
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:224
  35. Mutations in the EYS gene are one of the major causes of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. EYS-retinopathy presents a severe clinical phenotype, and patients currently have no therapeutic options. The pro...

    Authors: Ana B. Garcia-Delgado, Lourdes Valdes-Sanchez, Maria Jose Morillo-Sanchez, Beatriz Ponte-Zuñiga, Francisco J. Diaz-Corrales and Berta de la Cerda
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:222
  36. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2 disease) is a rare rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder, resulting in early death. Intracerebroventricular enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with cerliponas...

    Authors: J. Schaefers, L. J. van der Giessen, C. Klees, E. H. Jacobs, S. Sieverdink, M. H. G. Dremmen, J. K. H. Spoor, A. T. van der Ploeg, J. M. P. van den Hout and H. H. Huidekoper
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:221
  37. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the main long-term prognosis factors in methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), a rare disease of propionate catabolism. Our objective was to precisely address the clinical and bio...

    Authors: Myriam Dao, Jean-Baptiste Arnoux, Frank Bienaimé, Anaïs Brassier, François Brazier, Jean-François Benoist, Clément Pontoizeau, Chris Ottolenghi, Pauline Krug, Olivia Boyer, Pascale de Lonlay and Aude Servais
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:220
  38. Calcium ions are involved in several human cellular processes including corticogenesis, transcription, and synaptogenesis. Nevertheless, the relationship between calcium channelopathies (CCs) and intellectual ...

    Authors: Miriam Kessi, Baiyu Chen, Jing Peng, Fangling Yan, Lifen Yang and Fei Yin
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:219
  39. In the absence of a framework designed to evaluate medicines for rare diseases in the UK, most orphan medicines are appraised by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) through the Single ...

    Authors: Sophie Clarke, Michelle Ellis and Jack Brownrigg
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:218
  40. Utility studies enable preference-based quantification of a disease’s impact on patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL). It is often difficult to obtain utility values for rare, neurodegenerative cond...

    Authors: Paul Gissen, Nicola Specchio, Andrew Olaye, Mohit Jain, Thomas Butt, Wrik Ghosh, Benjamin Ruban-Fell, Annabel Griffiths, Charlotte Camp, Zlatko Sisic, Christoph Schwering, Eva Wibbeler, Marina Trivisano, Laura Lee, Miriam Nickel, Amanda Mortensen…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:217
  41. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare, genetic, multisystem disorder characterized by the growth of hamartomas in several organs, including the brain, kidneys, heart, eyes, and lungs. Even though over 90%...

    Authors: Robert Waltereit, Guillaume Beaure d’Augères, Jasna Jancic, John Chris Kingswood, Maya Koleva, Ruben Marques, Vicente Villanueva and Stéphane Auvin
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:216
  42. Cobalamin (cbl)-related remethylation disorders are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders comprising the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine and affecting multiple organ systems, most prominentl...

    Authors: Amelie S. Lotz-Havla, Katharina J. Weiß, Katharina A. Schiergens, Theresa Brunet, Jürgen Kohlhase, Stephanie Regenauer-Vandewiele and Esther M. Maier
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:215
  43. Hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) is the most common amino acid metabolic disease involving phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH, OMIM*612,349) deficiency or coenzyme tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency. Patients with se...

    Authors: Xin Wang, Yanyun Wang, Dingyuan Ma, Zhilei Zhang, Yahong Li, Peiying Yang, Yun Sun and Tao Jiang
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021 16:214