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  1. Pathogenic variations in the gene encoding the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1) are associated with malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility, a life-threatening hypermetabolic condition and RYR1-relate...

    Authors: Tokunbor A. Lawal, Emily S. Wires, Nancy L. Terry, James J. Dowling and Joshua J. Todd
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:113
  2. Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (pHLH) is a genetic disorder that is classically diagnosed by genetic testing. Secondary HLH (sHLH) is usually caused by infections, malignancies, or autoimmune disor...

    Authors: Jia Zhang, Yuan Sun, Xiaodong Shi, Rui Zhang, Yini Wang, Juan Xiao, Jing Cao, Zhuo Gao, Jingshi Wang, Lin Wu, Wei Wei and Zhao Wang
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:112
  3. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a multisystem genetic disorder, which has a typical eating behavior and growth pattern. In the infancy period, children with PWS have low body weight followed by hyperphagia in l...

    Authors: Nantiya Mongkollarp, Thipwimol Tim-Aroon, Chusak Okascharoen, Khunton Wichajarn, Jeeraparn Phosuwattanakul, Nalinee Chongviriyaphan and Duangrurdee Wattanasirichaigoon
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:111
  4. The vasculitides are a group of rare diseases with different manifestations and outcomes. New therapeutic options have led to the need for long-term registries. The Rheumatic Diseases Portuguese Register, Reum...

    Authors: Cristina Ponte, Nikita Khmelinskii, Vítor Teixeira, Karine Luz, Daniela Peixoto, Marília Rodrigues, Mariana Luís, Lídia Teixeira, Sandra Sousa, Nathalie Madeira, Joana A. Aleixo, Teresa Pedrosa, Sofia Serra, Raquel Campanilho-Marques, Walter Castelão, Ana Cordeiro…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:110
  5. Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder of early onset causing premature death. It results from biallelic pathogenic variants in PLA2G6, which encodes a calcium-...

    Authors: Fadie D. Altuame, Gretchen Foskett, Paldeep S. Atwal, Sarah Endemann, Mark Midei, Peter Milner, Mustafa A. Salih, Muddathir Hamad, Mohammad Al-Muhaizea, Mais Hashem and Fowzan S. Alkuraya
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:109
  6. Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is a heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an almost total lack of adipose tissue in the body. Mutations in the AGPAT2, BSCL2, CAV1 and PTRF

    Authors: Meng Ren, Jingru Shi, Jinmeng Jia, Yongli Guo, Xin Ni and Tieliu Shi
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:108
  7. Patients with rare diseases face unique challenges in obtaining a diagnosis, appropriate medical care and access to support services. Whole genome and exome sequencing have increased identification of causal v...

    Authors: Katie Kerr, Helen McAneney, Laura J. Smyth, Caitlin Bailie, Shane McKee and Amy Jayne McKnight
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:107
  8. Aceruloplasminemia is a rare genetic iron overload disorder, characterized by progressive neurological manifestations. The effects of iron chelation on neurological outcomes have only been described in case st...

    Authors: Lena H. P. Vroegindeweij, Agnita J. W. Boon, J. H. Paul Wilson and Janneke G. Langendonk
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:105
  9. Niemann-Pick disease Type C (NP-C) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and premature death. We report data at closure of the NPC Registry that descr...

    Authors: Marc C. Patterson, Eugen Mengel, Marie T. Vanier, Patrick Moneuse, Daniel Rosenberg and Mercedes Pineda
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:104
  10. The European Reference Networks, ERNs, are virtual networks for healthcare providers across Europe to collaborate and share expertise on complex or rare diseases and conditions. As part of the ERNs, the Clinic...

    Authors: Michael Smith, Elizabeth Alexander, Ruta Marcinkute, Dorica Dan, Myfanwy Rawson, Siddharth Banka, Jason Gavin, Hany Mina, Con Hennessy, Florence Riccardi, Francesca Clementina Radio, Marketa Havlovicova, Matteo Cassina, Adela Chirita Emandi, Melanie Fradin, Lianne Gompertz…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:103
  11. Inherited endocrine tumors are neoplasms of endocrine cells, transmitted via autosomal dominant germinal mutations. They present in two different forms: non-syndromic (patient has a single affected endocrine o...

    Authors: Davide Maraghelli, Francesca Giusti, Francesca Marini and Maria Luisa Brandi
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:102
  12. Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a rare, congenital, plurimalformative, and neurodevelopmental disorder. Previous studies have reported that large deletions contribute to more severe RTS phenotypes than thos...

    Authors: Yueheng Wu, Yu Xia, Ping Li, Hui-Qi Qu, Yichuan Liu, Yongchao Yang, Jijin Lin, Meng Zheng, Lifeng Tian, Zhuanbin Wu, Shufang Huang, Xianyu Qin, Xianwu Zhou, Shaoxian Chen, Yanying Liu, Yonghua Wang…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:101
  13. Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS) is characterized by permanent early-onset diabetes, skeletal dysplasia and several additional features, e.g. recurrent liver failure. This is the first multicentre approach that...

    Authors: Alena Welters, Thomas Meissner, Katja Konrad, Clemens Freiberg, Katharina Warncke, Sylvia Judmaier, Olga Kordonouri, Michael Wurm, Matthias Papsch, Gisela Fitzke, Silke Christina Schmidt, Sascha R. Tittel and Reinhard W. Holl
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:100
  14. Glycogen storage disease type I (GSDI) is an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism caused by mutations of either the G6PC gene (GSDIa) or the SLC37A4 gene (GSDIb). Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) availability has ...

    Authors: Alessandro Rossi, Chiara Simeoli, Mariacarolina Salerno, Rosario Ferrigno, Roberto Della Casa, Annamaria Colao, Pietro Strisciuglio, Giancarlo Parenti, Rosario Pivonello and Daniela Melis
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:99
  15. Reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES) is a clinico-radiological syndrome characterized by the presence of reversible lesions specifically involving the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC). The cause o...

    Authors: Jing Yang, Fei Han, Qianlong Chen, Tienan Zhu, Yongqiang Zhao, Xuezhong Yu, Huadong Zhu, Jian Cao and Xiaoqing Li
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:98
  16. The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are lysosomal storage disorders associated with progressive multi-organ and skeletal abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can affect each of the five senses: hearing, vision,...

    Authors: Roberto Giugliani, Paul Harmatz, Shuan-Pei Lin and Maurizio Scarpa
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:97
  17. Most patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency remain undiagnosed and therefore do not benefit from current therapies or become eligible for research studies of new treatments under development. Improving t...

    Authors: Mark Brantly, Michael Campos, Angela M. Davis, Jeanine D’Armiento, Kenneth Goodman, Kathi Hanna, Miriam O’Day, John Queenan, Robert Sandhaus, James Stoller, Charlie Strange, Jeffrey Teckman and Adam Wanner
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:96
  18. Castleman disease (CD) is a rare non-malignant lymphoproliferation of undetermined origin. Two major disease phenotypes can be distinguished: unicentric CD (UCD) and multicentric CD (MCD). Diagnosis confirmati...

    Authors: Charlotte Borocco, Claire Ballot-Schmit, Oanez Ackermann, Nathalie Aladjidi, Jeremie Delaleu, Vannina Giacobbi-Milet, Sarah Jannier, Eric Jeziorski, François Maurier, Yves Perel, Christophe Piguet, Eric Oksenhendler, Isabelle Koné-Paut and Caroline Galeotti
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:95
  19. Rare diseases affect approximately 350 million people worldwide. Delayed diagnosis is frequent due to lack of knowledge of most clinicians and a small number of expert centers. Consequently, computerized diagn...

    Authors: Carole Faviez, Xiaoyi Chen, Nicolas Garcelon, Antoine Neuraz, Bertrand Knebelmann, Rémi Salomon, Stanislas Lyonnet, Sophie Saunier and Anita Burgun
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:94
  20. Raine syndrome (RS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations of FAM20C. The most common clinical features are microcephaly, exophthalmos, hypoplastic nose and severe m...

    Authors: Chiara Mameli, Giulia Zichichi, Nasim Mahmood, Siham Chafai Elalaoui, Adnan Mirza, Poonam Dharmaraj, Marco Burrone, Elisa Cattaneo, Jayesh Sheth, Ajit Gandhi, Gurpreet Singh Kochar, Fowzan Sami Alkuraya, Madhulika Kabra, Giuseppe Mercurio and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:93
  21. The GM2 gangliosidoses (GM2), Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases, are rare, autosomal recessive genetic disorders caused by mutations in the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase A (HEXA) or β-hexosaminidase B (HEXB) ge...

    Authors: Nicole Lyn, Ruth Pulikottil-Jacob, Camille Rochmann, Robert Krupnick, Chad Gwaltney, Nick Stephens, Julie Kissell, Gerald F. Cox, Tanya Fischer and Alaa Hamed
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:92
  22. Clinical evidence suggests that the currently recommended approach to estimate the risk of aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome (MFS) is not reliable enough. Therefore, we investigated the possible role of vis...

    Authors: Bence Ágg, Bálint Szilveszter, Noémi Daradics, Kálmán Benke, Roland Stengl, Márton Kolossváry, Miklós Pólos, Tamás Radovits, Péter Ferdinandy, Béla Merkely, Pál Maurovich-Horvat and Zoltán Szabolcs
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:91
  23. Kennedy’s disease (KD), also known as spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), is a rare, adult-onset, X-linked recessive neuromuscular disease caused by CAG expansions in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gen...

    Authors: Pierre-François Pradat, Emilien Bernard, Philippe Corcia, Philippe Couratier, Christel Jublanc, Giorgia Querin, Capucine Morélot Panzini, François Salachas, Christophe Vial, Karim Wahbi, Peter Bede and Claude Desnuelle
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:90
  24. The Canadian Inherited Metabolic Diseases Research Network (CIMDRN) is a pan-Canadian practice-based research network of 14 Hereditary Metabolic Disease Treatment Centres and over 50 investigators. CIMDRN aims...

    Authors: Kylie Tingley, Monica Lamoureux, Michael Pugliese, Michael T. Geraghty, Jonathan B. Kronick, Beth K. Potter, Doug Coyle, Kumanan Wilson, Michael Kowalski, Valerie Austin, Catherine Brunel-Guitton, Daniela Buhas, Alicia K. J. Chan, Sarah Dyack, Annette Feigenbaum, Alette Giezen…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:89
  25. Respiratory muscle weakness is an important feature of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Progressive lung function decline is the most important cause of mortality and morbidity in patients. The natural history o...

    Authors: Camiel A. Wijngaarde, Esther S. Veldhoen, Ruben P. A. van Eijk, Marloes Stam, Louise A. M. Otto, Fay-Lynn Asselman, Roelie M. Wösten-van Asperen, Erik H. J. Hulzebos, Laura P. Verweij-van den Oudenrijn, Bart Bartels, Inge Cuppen, Renske I. Wadman, Leonard H. van den Berg, Cornelis K. van der Ent and W. Ludo van der Pol
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:88
  26. Primary carnitine deficiency due to mutations in the SLC22A5 gene is a rare but well-treatable metabolic disorder that puts patients at risk for metabolic decompensations, skeletal and cardiac myopathy and sudden...

    Authors: Sarah C. Grünert, Sara Tucci, Anke Schumann, Meike Schwendt, Gwendolyn Gramer, Georg F. Hoffmann, Michelle Erbel, Brigitte Stiller and Ute Spiekerkoetter
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:87
  27. Oral migalastat has recently been approved for the treatment of Anderson-Fabry disease (FD) in patients aged ≥16 years with amenable mutations on the basis of two phase III trials, FACETS and ATTRACT. However,...

    Authors: Cristina Chimenti, Patrizia Nencini, Federico Pieruzzi, Sandro Feriozzi, Renzo Mignani, Maurizio Pieroni and Antonio Pisani
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:86
  28. Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) is a rare neurovisceral genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 or the NPC2 gene. NPC1 is a multipass-transmembrane protein essential for egress of cholesterol from late endoso...

    Authors: Dita Musalkova, Filip Majer, Ladislav Kuchar, Ondrej Luksan, Befekadu Asfaw, Hana Vlaskova, Gabriela Storkanova, Martin Reboun, Helena Poupetova, Helena Jahnova, Helena Hulkova, Jana Ledvinova, Lenka Dvorakova, Jakub Sikora, Milan Jirsa, Marie T. Vanier…
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:85
  29. The advent of new therapies in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has highlighted the need to have natural history data for comparison. Natural history studies using structured assessments in type I however are ver...

    Authors: Eugenio Mercuri, Simona Lucibello, Marco Perulli, Giorgia Coratti, Roberto de Sanctis, Maria Carmela Pera, Marika Pane, Jacqueline Montes, Darryl C. de Vivo, Basil T. Darras, Stephen J. Kolb and Richard S. Finkel
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:84
  30. Late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) is a rare, hereditary, progressive disorder that is usually characterized by limb-girdle muscle weakness and/or respiratory insufficiency. LOPD is caused by mutations in the aci...

    Authors: P. Vanherpe, S. Fieuws, A. D’Hondt, C. Bleyenheuft, P. Demaerel, J. De Bleecker, P. Van den Bergh, J. Baets, G. Remiche, K. Verhoeven, S. Delstanche, M. Toussaint, B. Buyse, P. Van Damme, C. E. Depuydt and K. G. Claeys
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:83
  31. This study investigated the agreement between various dried blood spot (DBS) and venous blood sample measurements of phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations in Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Tyrosinemia type 1 (T...

    Authors: Kimber van Vliet, Wiggert G. van Ginkel, Esther van Dam, Pim de Blaauw, Martijn Koehorst, Hermi A. Kingma, Francjan J. van Spronsen and M. Rebecca Heiner-Fokkema
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:82
  32. Lipodystrophy syndromes are a group of disorders characterized by a loss of adipose tissue once other situations of nutritional deprivation or exacerbated catabolism have been ruled out. With the exception of ...

    Authors: David Araújo-Vilar, Antía Fernández-Pombo, Gemma Rodríguez-Carnero, Miguel Ángel Martínez-Olmos, Ana Cantón, Rocío Villar-Taibo, Álvaro Hermida-Ameijeiras, Alicia Santamaría-Nieto, Carmen Díaz-Ortega, Carmen Martínez-Rey, Antonio Antela, Elena Losada, Andrés E. Muy-Pérez, Blanca González-Méndez and Sofía Sánchez-Iglesias
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:81
  33. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous connective tissue disorder characterized by an increased tendency for fractures throughout life. Autosomal dominant (AD) mutations in COL1A1 and COL1A2 are causativ...

    Authors: Kristofer Andersson, Barbro Malmgren, Eva Åström, Ann Nordgren, Fulya Taylan and Göran Dahllöf
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:80
  34. Following the publication of the original article [1], the authors have requested to amend the Abstract and Discussion section as follows.

    Authors: Fernando Corvillo, Giovanni Ceccarini, Pilar Nozal, Silvia Magno, Caterina Pelosini, Sofía Garrido, Alberto López-Lera, Manuela Moraru, Carlos Vilches, Silvia Fornaciari, Sabrina Gabbriellini, Ferruccio Santini, David Araújo-Vilar and Margarita López-Trascasa
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:79

    The original article was published in Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:9

  35. To summarize and extend the phenotypic characterization of Multiple Congenital Anomalies-Hypotonia-Seizures Syndrome, and to discuss genotype-phenotype correlations.

    Authors: Xianru Jiao, Jiao Xue, Pan Gong, Xinhua Bao, Ye Wu, Yuehua Zhang, Yuwu Jiang and Zhixian Yang
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:78
  36. The original version of this article [1] unfortunately included an error to an author’s name. Author Manuela Schubert Baldo was erroneously presented as Manuela Baldo Schubert.

    Authors: Manuela Schubert Baldo and Laura Vilarinho
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:77

    The original article was published in Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:31

  37. Mitochondrial diseases (MD) are generally serious and progressive, inherited metabolic diseases. There is a high comorbidity of anxiety and depression and limitations in daily functioning. The complexity and d...

    Authors: Kim F. E. van de Loo, José A. E. Custers, Saskia Koene, Inge-Lot Klein, Mirian C. H. Janssen, Jan A. M. Smeitink and Christianne M. Verhaak
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:76
  38. To determine construct validity and test-retest reliability of Endurance Shuttle Tests as outcome measures for fatigability of remaining motor functions in children and adults with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA...

    Authors: Bart Bartels, Janke F. de Groot, Laura E. Habets, Camiel A. Wijngaarde, Wendy Vink, Marloes Stam, Fay-Lynn Asselman, Ruben P. A. van Eijk and W. Ludo van der Pol
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:75
  39. Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinemia that is caused by pathogenic mutations in the adenosine triphosphate-binding cas...

    Authors: Lina Wu, Yanmeng Li, Yi Song, Donghu Zhou, Siyu Jia, Anjian Xu, Wei Zhang, Hong You, Jidong Jia, Jian Huang and Xiaojuan Ou
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:74
  40. Cardiovascular disease frequently causes morbidity and mortality in mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS); however, cardiovascular anatomy and dysfunction in MPS IVA (Morquio A disease) is not well described. Consequent...

    Authors: Raymond Y. Wang, Kyle D. Rudser, Donald R. Dengel, Nicholas Evanoff, Julia Steinberger, Nina Movsesyan, Robert Garrett, Katherine Christensen, Deborah Boylan, Stephen R. Braddock, Marwan Shinawi, Qi Gan and Adriana M. Montaño
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:73
  41. To evaluate the effects of yoga on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a rare cystic lung disease in women.

    Authors: Xiangfeng Li, Wenshuai Xu, Lu Zhang, Yi Zu, Yu Li, Yanli Yang, Ying Xiang, Yun Xiang, Ling Chen, Wei Liu, Lixia Chen and Kai-Feng Xu
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:72
  42. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare clinical syndrome with high mortality rate. The diagnosis of HLH draws on a constellation of clinical and laboratory abnormalities including extremely high se...

    Authors: Jun Zhou, Jing Zhou, Dan-Ting Shen, Hemant Goyal, Zhi-Qi Wu and Hua-Guo Xu
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:71
  43. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease that has a substantial and multifaceted burden on affected adults. While advances in supportive care and therapies are rapidly reshaping the therape...

    Authors: Hamish W. Y. Wan, Kate A. Carey, Arlene D’Silva, Steve Vucic, Matthew C. Kiernan, Nadine A. Kasparian and Michelle A. Farrar
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:70
  44. Historical controls (HCs) can be used for model parameter estimation at the study design phase, adaptation within a study, or supplementation or replacement of a control arm. Currently on the latter, there is ...

    Authors: Mercedeh Ghadessi, Rui Tang, Joey Zhou, Rong Liu, Chenkun Wang, Kiichiro Toyoizumi, Chaoqun Mei, Lixia Zhang, C. Q. Deng and Robert A. Beckman
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:69
  45. Pathophysiology of life-threatening acute metabolic decompensations (AMD) in propionic acidemia (PA) and isolated methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is insufficiently understood. Here, we study the metabolomes of PA...

    Authors: H. A. Haijes, J. J. M. Jans, M. van der Ham, P. M. van Hasselt and N. M. Verhoeven-Duif
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:68
  46. Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis Polyneuropathy is a rare life-threatening neurologic disease that imposes considerable mortality and it is associated with progressive related disabilities. In this study, ...

    Authors: Mónica Inês, Teresa Coelho, Isabel Conceição, Lara Ferreira, Mamede de Carvalho and João Costa
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:67
  47. While skin carcinomas are reported in chronic ulcers and in patients treated with hydroxyurea (HU) for myeloproliferative neoplasms, no skin carcinoma has been reported in patients with sickle cell disease (SC...

    Authors: Boutros Soutou, Patricia Senet, François Lionnet, Anoosha Habibi and Sélim Aractingi
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:66
  48. We describe the association of Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) derived heart failure with the impairment of tissue homeostasis and remodeling capabilities of the affected heart tissue. We report that BMD heart...

    Authors: Martin Pesl, Sarka Jelinkova, Guido Caluori, Maria Holicka, Jan Krejci, Petr Nemec, Aneta Kohutova, Vita Zampachova, Petr Dvorak and Vladimir Rotrekl
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:65
  49. Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive spastic paresis of the lower limbs. Treatment is often focused on reducing spasticity and its physical consequ...

    Authors: Bas J. H. van Lith, Hans C. J. W. Kerstens, Laura A. C. van den Bemd, Maria W. G. Nijhuis-van der Sanden, Vivian Weerdesteyn, Rob J. E. M. Smeets, Klemens Fheodoroff, Bart P. C. van de Warrenburg and Alexander C. H. Geurts
    Citation: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2020 15:64