Table 3 Case reports for which the PWS genetic subtype is not available
Cases reports Without genetic subtype | gender | Age at onset Type of onset | Symptoms related to psychosis | Other symptoms | Outcome | Medication | Diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sweeney et al. [47] | M | 24 | Agitation, paranoia then catatonia | Diabetes, hypotension, tachycardia | Lorazepam, bromocriptine and topiramate | Catatonia Following Cessation of Topiramate | |
Zwiebel et al. [48] | F | 24 | Catatonia | Hyponatremia hypoglyceamia | Remission of catatonia and return to baseline | lorazepam | Catatonia caused by oxcarbazepine withdrawal |
Jacob et al. [49] | M | 24 | Pressure of speech, tangentiality, religious grandiose ideas, persecutory delusions, with ideas of reference congruent auditory hallucinations | Became more settled and mood became euthymic | Risperidone Semisodium valproate (mood stabilizer) | manic episode with psychotic symptoms bipolar affective disorder | |
F | 28 | Agitation, verbal and physical violence, withdrawn, auditory hallucination | Wetting bed | Dramatic improvement on risperidone but developed hyperprolactinemia. Responded well to quietiapine | Fluoxetine (antidepressant) Risperidone, then quetiapine | Psychotic illness | |
M | 31 | Low mood, delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate behaviour | First episode responded well after 3 weeks of treatment | Citalopram (antidepressant), Risperidone, Mirtazapine | |||
Verhoeven et al. [35], Verhoeven et al. [33] Verhoeven et al. [20] | M | Within 2 weeks | Hallucinations, perceptual disturbances Emotional turmoil, anxieties, confusion Mood swings, Sleep disturbance | Psychotic symptoms disappeared after 4 weeks, improved behaviour, increased concentration, and social skills. Marked effect of treatment | Lithium Haloperidol 2–4 mg | acute polymorphic psychotic disorder | |
M | 16 Within 2 weeks | Visual and auditory hallucinations, perceptual disturbances Paranoid ideations, confusion, psychomotor agitation Emotional turmoil, mood swings, anxieties, sleep disturbance | Disappearance of all psychotic symptoms within a few weeks. Stabilization of motor activity, sleep rhythm, and mood levels. At follow-up 9 months later, functioning at pre-morbid level | Lithium Haloperidol 3.5 mg | Previous diagnosis: bipolar disorder; Transient psychotic disorder Last diagnosis: acute polymorphic psychotic disorder | ||
F | Subacute onset | Hallucinations; perceptual disturbances paranoid ideation Emotional turmoil; Mood swings, anxieties; confusion Hyperactivity, Increased obsessive rituals | Marked improvement | Valproic acid | Cycloid psychosis | ||
M | Subacute onset | Hallucinations; paranoid ideation, Emotional turmoil; Mood swings, anxieties; confusion Hyperactivity, Increased obsessive rituals | Marked improvement | Valproic acid | Cycloid psychosis | ||
M | Subacute onset | Hallucinations; paranoid ideation, Emotional turmoil; Mood swings, anxieties; confusion Hyperactivity, Increased obsessive rituals | Marked improvement | Valproic acid | Cycloid psychosis | ||
F | Subacute onset | Anxieties Hyperactivity, Mood swings, Increased obsessive rituals, Paranoid ideation | ACTH deficiency, narcolepsy | Valproic acid | Cycloid psychosis | ||
M | Subacute onset | Hallucinations; perceptual disturbances paranoid ideation, Emotional turmoil; Mood swings, anxieties; confusion Hyperactivity, Increased obsessive rituals | Marked improvement | Valproic acid Haloperidol 2 mg | Previous diagnosis: paranoid psychosis Last: cycloid psychosis | ||
Beardsmore et al. [16]* | F | 29 | Depressive episode with psychotic symptoms | ||||
M | 27 | Schizophrenia or delusional disorder | |||||
Clarke [17]* | F | 21 | Hallucinations, reduced appetite, anxiety | Paroxetine Trifluoperazine | Cycloid psychosis | ||
F | 16 | Auditory hallucinations, anxiety, agitation, aggressive behaviour Refuse drinks and food, social withdrawal, sleep disturbance | Good recovery between episodes | Haloperidol | Cycloid psychosis | ||
Takhar and Malla [50] | Mid 30 s | Delusions, hallucinations, confusion Moderate disorganization in thinking | Multiple gastro-intestinal problems, urinary infections and incontinence, hepatitis, hiatal hernia, hypothyroidism | Fluphenazine during 15 years induced a parkinsonian syndrome. Clozapine prescribed instead | Fluphenazine then Clozapine | ||
Tyndall and Fitzpatrick [51] | F | 15, acute | Possible paranoid delusions and visual hallucinations developmental regression, tearfulness, agitation, sleep disturbance | Rapid and complete remission | No response to amitriptyline. Oral Flupenthixol | ||
Clarke et al. [10] | F | 20 | Increasingly suspicious, auditory hallucination probable | Return to premorbid behaviour | Flupenthixol | Delusional disorder | |
Bartolucci and Younger [52] | F | 22, Sudden | 1st episode: uncommunicative, Anxiety, Insomnia 2nd episode: refuse to eat and drink Possible auditory and visual hallucination | Completely resolved first episode 8 years later new episode No lasting improvement | 1st episode: chlorpromazine 2nd episode: tricyclic anti-depressant, fluoxetine with improvement. Lithium with no change. Lorazepam and chlorpromazine, haloperidol, disodium valproate buspirone | ||
M | 13 | Auditory hallucination | |||||
M | 21 | Auditory and visual hallucinations | |||||
M | 22 | ||||||
M | 27 | Auditory and visual hallucination | |||||
F | 28 | ||||||
F | 30 | ||||||
M | 30 | ||||||
F | 33 | Possible auditory and visual hallucinations | |||||
M | 34 | ||||||
Bray et al. [14] | Severe withdrawal from interpersonal interaction, regressive behaviour | Spontaneous remission |