Table 2 Case reports indicating the PWS genetic subtype
Cases reports with genetic subtype | Genetic subtype | Gender | Age at onset Type of onset | Symptoms | Other information | Outcome | Medication | Diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singh et al. [37] | Del | M | 16 sudden onsets | Acute psychosis, confusion, mood-incongruent delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, motility disturbances, mood swings | Growth hormone treatment | Complete remission of symptoms within a month | Not known | Cycloid psychosis Bipolar affective disorder |
mUPD | M | 26, sudden onset | Acute psychosis, mood-incongruent delusions, anxiety, mood swings | Growth hormone treatment | Complete remission of symptoms within a month | Cycloid psychosis, Bipolar affective disorder | ||
mUPD | F | 19, sudden onset | Acute psychosis, confusion, mood-incongruent delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, mood swings | Growth hormone treatment | Complete remission of symptoms within a month | Cycloid psychosis, Bipolar affective disorder | ||
mUPD | F | 17, sudden onset | Acute psychosis, confusion, mood-incongruent delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, mood swings | Growth hormone treatment | Complete remission of symptoms within a month | Cycloid psychosis | ||
mUPD | M | 26, sudden onset | Acute psychosis, mood-incongruent delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, mood swings | Complete remission of symptoms within a month | Cycloid psychosis | |||
mUPD | F | 18, sudden onset | Acute psychosis, confusion, mood-incongruent delusions, anxiety, ecstasy motility disturbances, mood swings | Growth hormone treatment | Complete remission of symptoms within a month | Cycloid psychosis, Bipolar affective disorder | ||
mUPD | M | 24, sudden onset | Acute psychosis, confusion, mood-incongruent delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, motility disturbances, mood swings | Growth hormone treatment | Mild auditory hallucinations despite resolution of other symptoms of cycloid psychosis | Cycloid psychosis, Bipolar affective disorder | ||
mUPD | F | 22, sudden onset | Acute psychosis, confusion, mood-incongruent delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, ecstasy, motility disturbances, mood swings | Growth hormone treatment | Complete remission of symptoms within a month | Cycloid psychosis, Bipolar affective disorder | ||
Del | F | 34, sudden onset | Acute psychosis, confusion, mood-incongruent delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, ecstasy, motility disturbances, mood swings | Complete remission of symptoms within a month | Cycloid psychosis, Bipolar affective disorder | |||
Del | F | 31, sudden onset | Acute psychosis, confusion, mood-incongruent delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, motility disturbances, mood swings | Complete remission of symptoms within a month | Cycloid psychosis | |||
Del | F | 31, sudden onset | Acute psychosis, confusion, mood-incongruent delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, motility disturbances, mood swings | Complete remission of symptoms within a month | Cycloid psychosis | |||
Briegel [38] | mUPD | F | 16, sudden | disorganized speech, reduced eye contact, signs of hallucinations, paranoid delusions, Aggressive behaviour, Increased agitation, refuse to eat | Bed wetting | Improvement 90% after 54 days of treatment | Aripiprazole Lorazepam | brief psychotic disorder |
Kuppens et al. [39] | mUPD | M | Before 19 (recuurent episode at 19) | recocered | Valproic acid | |||
Poser et al. [40] | mUPD | F | 25, within a month, 2 hospitalizations at 15 and 16 yo for depression with catatonia that responded to lorazepam and haloperidol | Manic behaviour increasing over a month: hyperverbal, euphoric, illogical, decreased sleep Then mute and withdrawn with catatonia | 10 pounds weight loss in 10 days | Minimal improvement with pharmacological therapy Improvement after ECT and full recovery after 6 months | Aripiprazole, Lamotrigine Lithium, Lorazepam, Zisprasidone 8 electroconvulsive therapy | |
Sinnema et al. [41] | mUPD | F | 17 | optic and acoustic hallucinations, delusions, aggression, motor agitation, increase of obsessive behaviour, increase of food obsession | bipolar | Stayed hospitalised 2 years, and had psychotic episodes all her further life | Anti-psychotic, Mood stabilizing agents, antidepressants | |
Chiou and Tsai [42] | mUPD | M | 15 | Reference delusion, Physical aggression | Skin picking, ADHD | Great improvement after treatment | Risperidone 0.5 mg | |
Del | M | 15, acute, medication-induced | Decreased need for sleep Physical violence | Autistic spectrum symptoms ADHD | carbamazepine | Medication-induced manic episode | ||
Hergüner and Mukaddes [43] | mUPD | F | 13, acute medication induced | Auditory and visual hallucination, paranoid delusions, social withdrawal, hypoactivity, echolalia, excessive sleep and decreased appetite | Symptoms completely resolved after discontinuation of fluoxetine | Medication induced psychotic symptoms | ||
Verhoeven et al. [35], Verhoeven et al. [33], Verhoeven et al. [20] | mUPD | M | 14 Within 2 weeks | Probable hallucinatory experiences, mood instability Increase in obsessional features | Stabilization of behaviour Marked effect of treatment | Thioridazine 200 mg with little effect, Lithium added | Cycloid psychosis | |
mUPD | M | Within 2 weeks | Emotional turmoil, mood swings, anxieties Confusion | Marked and long-lasting effect of treatment. No occurrence of major behavioural problems over of a period of more than 2 years | Valproic acide 1500 mg | Cycloid psychosis but originaly diagnosed as bipolar affective disorder | ||
mUDP | M | Within 2 weeks | Emotional turmoil, mood swings, anxieties, confusion Paranoid ideations | Complete disappearance of psychotic symptoms within 6 weeks following start of lithium Stabilization and no new episode until the end of follow-up period (1 year) | Lithium | Cycloid psychosis | ||
Del | M | Within 2 weeks | Possible Perceptual disturbances, paranoid ideations, confusion Emotional turmoil, mood swings, anxieties Obsessive rituals | Moderate stabilization over a period of 12 months until the end of follow-up | Lithium Valproic acid carbamazepine | Cycloid psychosis | ||
mUPD | F | Subacute onset | Hallucinations; perceptual disturbances, Paranoid ideation Emotional turmoil; Mood swings, anxieties; confusion | Marked improvement | Lithium Valproic acid | Cycloid psychosis | ||
mUPD | F | Subacute onset | Hallucinations; paranoid ideation, emotional turmoil; Mood swings, anxieties; confusion Hyperactivity, Increased obsessive rituals | Marked improvement | Valproic acid | Cycloid psychosis | ||
mUPD | F | Subacute onset | Paranoid ideation, emotional turmoil; Mood swings, anxieties; confusion hyperactivity, increased obsessive rituals | hypothyroidism | Moderate improvement | Lithium Valproic acid | Cycloid psychosis | |
mUPD | M | Subacute onset | Hallucinations, confusion, mood swings, increased obsessive rituals, paranoid ideation | Not evaluated | Valproic acid | Cycloid psychosis | ||
mUPD | F | Subacute onset | Emotional turmoil; Mood swings Paranoid ideation Confusion Anxieties; Hyperactivity, Increased obsessive rituals | Marked improvement | Lithium Valproic acid | Previous diagnosis: depression Last: cycloid psychosis | ||
mUPD | M | Subacute onset | Hallucinations, Probable perceptual disturbances and emotional turmoil, confusion, mood swings, anxieties, hyperactivity, increased obsessive rituals | Total recovery | Pipanperone | Previous diagnosis: delirious state Last: cycloid psychosis | ||
Boer et al. [18] | Del | F | 21 | Antipsychotic, Mood stabiliser, antidepressant | paranoid delusion | |||
mUPD | M | 28 | Antipsychotic, Mood stabiliser antidepressant | Paranoid delusion and hallucinations | ||||
mUPD | F | 29 | Antipsychotic | Paranoid delusion and hallucinations | ||||
mUPD | F | 22 | Antidepressant | Paranoid delusion and hallucinations | ||||
mUPD | F | 36 | Antipsychotic, Mood stabiliser, Antidepressant | Paranoid delusion and hallucinations | ||||
mUPD | F | 29 | Antidepressant | Paranoid delusion and hallucinations | ||||
ICD | M | 15, Acute | ||||||
mUPD | M | 13, Acute | ||||||
mUPD | F | 19, Abrupt | ||||||
mUPD | M | 13, Acute | ||||||
mUPD | F | 16, Acute | Anxiety, agitation, restlessness, overactivity, confusion Aggressive behaviour, refused food and drinks Delusion | One of the episodes was preceded by fever and diarrhoeas during several weeks | After treatment with thioridazine, several mild psychotic episodes during the 13 next years. Then recurrent episodes again | Haloperidol, orphanedrine Thioridazine, Sodium valproate, risperidone, fluvoxamine | ||
mUPD | M | 19, Abrupt | ||||||
Beardsmore et al. [16] | mUPD | F | 11, sudden | Food and drinks refusal, bedridden, refused human approach, Self-neglect | Relapsing episodes, Remission between episodes | Risperidone | Cycloid psychosis | |
mUPD | M | 13, sudden | Relapsing episodes, Remission between episodes | Risperidone | Cycloid psychosis | |||
Del | M | 12, Not sudden | Agitation Mild anxiety, delusions, Hallucination | Remission with some residual symptoms | Risperidone | Transient psychotic disorder | ||
Del | M | 14, Not sudden | Agitation, mild anxiety, delusions, hallucination | Remission with some residual symptoms | Risperidone | Transient psychotic disorder | ||
Beardsmore et al. [16] | mUPD | F | < 33 | Bipolar affective disorder with psychotic symptoms | ||||
Del | F | 23 | Depressive episode with psychotic symptoms | |||||
Del | M | 33 | Depressive episode with psychotic symptoms | |||||
Clarke [17] | Del | F | 20 | Delusion, paranoid ideation, unresponsive, withdrawn | thioridazine | Paranoid schizophrenia | ||
Trl | F | 14 | Disorientated, disordered speech, withdrawn, paranoid delusions | Several episodes. Good recovery between first episodes. Mental state stabilized following treatment with risperidone and carbamazepine | Trifluoperazine, Sulpiride, Risperidone Carbamazepine | Previous diagnosis: acute confusional state Cycloid psychosis | ||
mUPD | M | Aggression Delusion | Level of functioning has declined after illness | Chlorpromazine, Procyclidine Trifluoperazine | ||||
Del | M | 12 | Delusion, agitation, disturbed sleep, anxiety, apathy Refuse to eat and drink | Several psychotic episodes. Improvement at age 22 after treatment with haloperidol, sulpiride and fluoxetine | haloperidol, sulpiride and fluoxetine | Cycloid psychosis | ||
Whittaker et al. [13] | mUPD | F | 17 | Querulous, tearful, anxious, withdrawn, paranoid thoughts Disrupted time orientation, sleep, appetite and concentration | ||||
Watanabe et al. [45] | Del | F | 19 | anorexia, insomnia, guilt feelings, ideas of being doomed, ostracized and persecuted, and stupor alternating with agitation | Near-monthly rhythm, followed by a spontaneous remission in 7–18 days | Recurrent brief episodes Monthly rhythm | ||
Ewald et al. [12] | Del | F | 2 episodes of 3–4 weeks | Persecutory delusions, auditory hallucination, anxiety, psychomotor excitement | ||||
Clarke [11] | Del | M | 17, acute | Agitation, incoherent speech, labile emotions, hallucination (auditory and visual) | Completely resolved after 10 days. No recurrence after 3 years, even after chlorpromazine was discontinued | 200 mg chlorpromazine | ||
Del | F | 24, acute | Agitation, anxiety, unable to sleep, refuse to eat, withdrawn | Temper outburst worst perimenstrually | Good recovery after 4 weeks but remain suspicious | Chlorpromazine, then dydrogesterine and fluphenazine | ||
Del | F | acute | Anxious, restless Delusion, auditory hallucinations | discharged after 2 weeks but still abnormal beliefs. No return to premorbid level of functioning | thioridazine | |||
Bhate et al. [46] | Del | F | Restless both day and night, sleeping for only 1 or 2 h Episodes of psychosis with hallucinations and delusions | Frequent visit to the toilet, but incontinent |