Table 4 Scoliosis severity with respect to non-genetic factors, including clinical phenotypes and treatment history

No. of patients

85

106

40

59

n = 290

Age of triradiate cartilage closure

Still open

67

80

17

15

n = 179

Closed

10

18

14

19

n = 61

 Closed at 11 years

0

1

0

0

n = 1

 Closed at 12 years

1

0

1

2

n = 4

 Closed at 13 years

4

5

3

2

n = 14

 Closed at 14 years

2

5

4

1

n = 12

 Closed at 15 years

2

2

4

7

n = 15

 Closed at 16 years

0

3

1

3

n = 7

 Closed at 17 years

0

2

1

3

n = 6

 Closed at 18 years

1

0

0

1

n = 2

Closed and overaged (> 18 years)

8

8

9

25

n = 50

Risser sign skeletal maturity age (based on last radiograph follow-up)

Grade = 0

68

76

14

11

n = 169

Grade = 1–2

4

6

4

6

n = 20

Grade = 3–4

6

11

6

11

n = 34

Grade = 5

11

15

15

36

n = 77

Lower-limb discrepancy (LLD)

No. of patients with LLD

28

54

18

40

n = 140

(%with LLD)

(32.9%)

(50.9%)

(45.0%)

(67.8%)

(48.3%)

BMD Z-scores on last follow-ups

Average BMD Z-scores^b

− 1.8 ± 2.0

− 1.8 ± 2.2

− 2.6 ± 2.1

− 3.5 ± 1.9

− 2.2 ± 2.2

Surgical interventions of the spine

Never treated^a

85

106

40

34

265 (91.4%)

SZH

0

0

0

22

22 (7.6%)

Extramural

0

0

0

3

3 (1.0%)

BMD improvement drugs used

Zoledronate

59

68

22

21

n = 170

Pamidronate

20

29

11

24

n = 84

Ibandronate

0

1

1

0

n = 2

Alendronate

0

1

0

0

n = 1

Denosumab

0

0

0

1

n = 1

Never treated^c

6

7

6

13

n = 32

Average age of first drug use^d

6 ± 7.6

6.3 ± 5.1

8.1 ± 4.8

10.3 ± 6.0

7.2 ± 6.2