Table 1 Biochemical biomarker of PA and MMA
Potential biomarkers | PA | MMA |
|---|---|---|
Organic acids | ||
2‐methylcitric acid | ↑ | ↑ |
Methylmalonic acid | _ | ↑↑ |
Propionic acid | ↑↑ | ↑ |
3‐hydroxypropionic acid | ↑ | ↑ |
Conjugates | ||
Propionylglycine | ↑ | ↑ |
Ketonuria | ↑↑ | ↑ |
Carnitine panel | ||
Acetylcarnitine (C2) | ↓ | ↓ |
Propionylcarnitine (C3) and C3/C2 ratio | ↑↑ | ↑↑ |
Methylmalonylcarnitine | _ | ↑↑ |
Acyl‐CoAs | ||
Propionyl‐CoA | ↑↑ | ↑ |
Methylmalonyl‐CoA | ↑ | ↑↑ |
Odd‐numbered long‐chain fatty acids | ↑ | ↑ |
Acetyl‐CoA | ↓ | ↓ |
Tricyclic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates | ||
Citric | ↓ | ↓ |
Ketoglutaric | ↓ | ↓ |
Succinic | ↓ | ↓ |
Malic acid | ↓ | ↓ |
Ammonium | ↑ | ↑ |
Lactic acid | ↑ | ↑ |
Amino acids | ||
Alanine:Serine | ↑ | ↑ |
Alanine:Lysine | ↓ | ↓ |
Glycine | ↑ | ↓ |