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Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample of children and adolescents with long-gap esophageal atresia (n = 26) and parents acting as proxy for their child vs those with primary anastomosis of esophageal atresia Gross type C (n = 95)

From: Schooling experiences in children with long-gap esophageal atresia compared with children with esophageal atresia and primary anastomosis: a Swedish study

 

Long-gap esophageal atresia, n (%)

Primary anastomosis , n (%)

p value

Congenital/neonatal

   

Male sex

13 (50.0)

57 (60)

0.38

Prematurely born (< 37 gestational weeks)

15 (57.7)

31 (33)

0.039

Low birth weight (< 2500 g)

17 (65.4)

33 (35.9)

0.012

Gross type A

11 (42.3)

  

Gross type B

8 (30.8)

  

Gross type C

7 (26.9)

95 (100)

 

Associated anomaliesa

18 (69.2)

57 (60)

0.50

Cardio-vascular

8 (30.8)

26 (27.4)

0.81

Anorectal

7 (26.9)

10 (10.5)

0.052

Uro-genital

10 (38.5)

10 (10.5)

0.002

VACTERLb

6 (23.1)

17 (17.9)

0.56

Genetic disorder

4 (15.4)

10 (10.5)

0.50

Initital gap length, median cm (range)c

4 (2–7)

  

Initital gap length, median vertebral bodies (range)

4 (2–6)

  

Surgery

   

Delayed primary anastomosis

11 (42.3)

  

Esophageal replacementd

15 (57.7%)

  

Anastomotic leakage

8 (30.8)

9 (9.6)e

0.011

Revisional surgery due to anastomotic leakage or recurrent fistula

4 (15.4)

9 (9.5)

0.47

Symptoms the past four weeks

   

Swallowing difficulties

8 (30.8)

40 (42.6)

0.38

Heartburn

9 (34.6)

34 (36.6)

1.0

Vomiting problems

7 (26.9)

24 (25.5)

1.0

Cough

14 (53.8)

50 (52.6)

1.0

Wheezing

8 (32.0)

32 (34.0)

1.0

Chest tightness

9 (34.6)

13 (14.0)

0.023

Airway infections

10 (38.5)

27 (28.7)

0.35

Dyspnea at exercise or rest

9 (34.6)

49 (52.1)

0.13

Treatment at follow-up

   

Gastrostomy feeding at follow-up

6 (23.1)

8 (8.4)

0.08

Antireflux surgery

9 (34.6)

12 (12.6)

0.017

Esophageal dilatation

20 (76.9)

38 (40.0)

< 0.001

Antireflux medication

18 (75.0)e

28 (29.5)

< 0.001

Inhaled steroids and/or bronchodilators

14 (58.3)e

39 (41.1)

0.17

Other medication

15 (57.7)

35 (36.8)

0.036

Child age

   

Child age, median (range)

11 (3–17)

9 (2–17)

0.30

Parent-proxy

   

Male sex

6 (23.1)

13 (13.7)

0.24

Age, median (range)

45 (33–58)

41 (26–69)c

0.064

Less than University/College degree

9 (34.6)

7 (7.3)

0.18

Living as single parent

2 (8.0)

15 (15.8)

0.52

  1. acardio-vascular, gastrointestinal, urogenital, limb, vertebrae-rib, choanalatresia, eye, ear, central nervous system or respiratory anomaly
  2. bVACTERL stands for vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb abnormalities. Individuals diagnosed with VACTERL association have at least three of these characteristic features’
  3. c1 missing value
  4. dGastric pull-up (n = 2), Partial gastric pull-up (n = 3), Gastric tube esophagoplasty preserving the distal esophageal segment (n = 8), colon interposition (n = 2)
  5. e2 missing values
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Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases

ISSN: 1750-1172