Table 1 Prognostic factors influencing MS disease outcome
Poor prognosis | |
|---|---|
Demographic and environmental factors | • older age • male sex • non-White population • low vitamin D levels • smoking • comorbid conditions |
Clinical factors | • polysymptomatic onset • early cognitive deficits • brainstem, cerebellar or spinal cord onset • primary progressive disease subtype • poor recovery from the 1st relapse • high relapse rate • short interval between the 1st and 2nd relapses • higher EDSS score at diagnosis |
Radiological factors | • high T2 lesion number • high T2 lesion volume • presence of Gd-enhancing lesions • presence of infratentorial lesions • presence of spinal cord lesions • whole brain atrophy • grey matter atrophy |
Biomarkers | • presence of IgG and IgM oligoclonal bands in the CSF • retinal nerve fiber layer thinning detected with optical coherence tomography |