Table 2 SPIDER tool

S (Sample)

Health professionals

Health professional* or doctor* or clinician* or consultant* or GP or general practitioner* or physician* or pharmacist*

PI (Phenomenon of Interest)

Clinical practice guidelines for rare diseases

Guideline* or guidance or prescrib* or clinical protocol* or prescription*

rare dis* or rare diagnos* or orphan dis*

D (Design)

Qualitative or mixed methodology

Ovid Medline qualitative search filter(23):

(((“semi-structured” or semistructured or unstructured or informal or “in-depth” or indepth or “face-to-face” or structured or guide) adj3 (interview* or discussion* or questionnaire*)) or (focus group* or qualitative or ethnograph* or fieldwork or “field work” or “key informant”)).ti,ab. Or Interviews as topic/ or focus groups/ or narration/ or qualitative research/

E (Evaluation)

Influencing factors

Barrier* or facilit* or help* or hinder* or compliance or comply or complies or accept* or conform* or approv* or adhere* or strateg*

R (Research type)

Qualitative

Qualitative research/