Table 4 Factors associated with the total knowledge score among physicians in China

Gender

Male

Reference

Reference

Female

0.13 [0.07, 0.20]***

0.08 [0.01, 0.14]*

Age

18–25

Reference

26–35

0.11 [− 0.17, 0.38]

36–45

0.08 [− 0.20, 0.35]

46–55

0.03 [− 0.25, 0.32]

56–65

 − 0.03 [− 0.35, 0.30]

66 + 

0.22 [− 0.50, 0.93]

 − 

Birthplace

Urban area

Reference

 − 

Rural area

0.04 [− 0.06, 0.14]

Others

 − 0.19 [− 1.20, 0.82]

Monthly income

 < 5000

Reference

Reference

5000–10,000

0.15 [0.07, 0.23]***

0.11 [0.03, 0.18]**

10,000–30,000

0.17 [0.07, 0.28]**

0.14 [0.03, 0.25]*

30,000–50,000

0.12 [− 0.54, 0.78]

 − 0.03 [− 0.62, 0.56]

 > 50,000

0.06 [− 0.72, 0.85]

0.21 [− 0.48, 0.91]

Province

Jiangsu

Reference

Reference

Shandong

 − 0.14 [− 0.25, − 0.03]*

 − 0.10 [− 0.20, 0.00]

Jiangxi

 − 0.07 [− 0.17, 0.02]

 − 0.04 [− 0.13, 0.05]

Shanxi

 − 0.16 [− 0.24, − 0.08]***

 − 0.10 [− 0.18, − 0.03]**

Sichuan

 − 0.01 [− 0.15, 0.13]

0.02 [− 0.11, 0.15]

Shannxi

 − 0.14 [− 0.32, 0.04]

 − 0.19 [− 0.36, − 0.01]*

Education

Secondary vocational school

Reference

Reference

Three-year college

1.14 [0.06, 2.22]*

0.36 [− 0.64, 1.37]

Bachelor

1.42 [0.41, 2.43]**

0.53 [− 0.41, 1.47]

Master

1.59 [0.58, 2.59]**

0.63 [− 0.31, 1.57]

Doctor/postdoc

1.58 [0.57, 2.59]**

0.61 [− 0.33, 1.56]

Title

Primary

Reference

 − 

Middle

 − 0.02 [− 0.10, 0.06]

Vice-senior

 − 0.01 [− 0.10, 0.08]

Senior

0.02 [− 0.09, 0.12]

None

0.18 [− 0.20, 0.56]

Working years

 ≤ 5

Reference

Reference

6–10

 − 0.04 [− 0.13, 0.05]

 − 0.05 [− 0.13, 0.03]

11–15

 − 0.07 [− 0.17, 0.03]

0.00 [− 0.10, 0.09]

16–20

 − 0.09 [− 0.19, 0.02]

 − 0.05 [− 0.16, 0.05]

21–25

 − 0.03 [− 0.14, 0.08]

0.01 [− 0.09, 0.12]

26–30

 − 0.07 [− 0.21, 0.06]

 − 0.04 [− 0.17, 0.09]

30 + 

 − 0.16 [− 0.32, − 0.01]*

 − 0.18 [− 0.32, − 0.03]*

Hospital class

Primary hospital

Reference

Reference

Secondary hospital

0.38 [− 0.69, 1.44]

0.19 [− 0.79, 1.17]

Tertiary hospital

1.11 [0.24, 1.99]*

0.33 [− 0.48, 1.15]

Specialty

Internal medicine

Reference

Reference

Anesthesiology

 − 0.53 [− 0.83, − 0.23]**

 − 0.45 [− 0.72, − 0.17]**

Dermatology

0.23 [− 0.01, 0.46]

0.18 [− 0.04, 0.40]

Emergency medicine

 − 0.15 [− 0.34, 0.03]

 − 0.11 [− 0.29, 0.06]

Infectious disease

0.04 [− 0.17, 0.26]

 − 0.06 [− 0.26, 0.14]

Intensive care unit

 − 0.25 [− 0.44, − 0.06]*

 − 0.20 [− 0.37, − 0.02]*

Laboratory department

 − 0.32 [− 1.31, 0.68]

 − 0.13 [− 1.03, 0.77]

Obstetrics and gynecology

 − 0.26 [− 0.41, − 0.10]**

 − 0.15 [− 0.30, − 0.01]*

Oncology

 − 0.28 [− 0.49, − 0.08]**

 − 0.38 [− 0.56, − 0.19]***

Ophthalmology

 − 0.03 [− 0.24, 0.18]

0.00 [− 0.20, 0.20]

Orthopedic surgery, medical cosmetology

 − 0.26 [− 0.78, 0.26]

 − 0.20 [− 0.66, 0.27]

Otolaryngology

 − 0.39 [− 0.68, − 0.10]**

 − 0.46 [− 0.72, − 0.20]**

Pain medicine

0.18 [− 0.52, 0.89]

0.36 [− 0.27, 0.99]

Pathology

 − 0.11 [− 0.72, 0.50]

 − 0.44 [− 1.00, 0.11]

Pediatrics

 − 0.02 [− 0.13, 0.09]

0.08 [− 0.02, 0.19]

Psychiatry

 − 0.51 [− 0.93, − 0.09]*

 − 0.43 [− 0.81, − 0.05]*

Radiology

 − 0.36 [− 0.52, − 0.21]***

 − 0.16 [− 0.30, − 0.02]*

Sports medicine, rehabilitation

 − 0.45 [− 0.64, − 0.26]***

 − 0.16 [− 0.33, 0.02]

Stomatology

 − 0.47 [− 0.79, − 0.15]**

 − 0.63 [− 0.93, − 0.34]***

Surgery

 − 0.34 [− 0.44, − 0.24]***

 − 0.24 [− 0.34, − 0.14]***

Traditional Chinese medicine

 − 0.50 [− 0.78, − 0.22]***

 − 0.19 [− 0.45, 0.06]

Others

 − 0.15 [− 0.32, 0.03]

 − 0.06 [− 0.22, 0.10]

Rare disease type

Albinism

Reference

Reference

Osteogenesis imperfecta

 − 0.29 [− 0.45, − 0.13]***

 − 0.28 [− 0.44, − 0.12]**

Homozygous hypercholesterolemia

 − 0.27 [− 0.59, 0.05]

 − 0.42 [− 0.74, − 0.10]*

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

0.11 [− 0.10, 0.31]

 − 0.09 [− 0.30, 0.12]

Multiple sclerosis

 − 0.53 [− 0.64, − 0.42]***

 − 0.64 [− 0.75, − 0.52]***

Fabry disease

0.26 [− 0.09, 0.62]

0.07 [− 0.28, 0.42]

Hepatolenticular degeneration

0.38 [0.27, 0.48]***

0.25 [0.13, 0.36]***

Gaucher disease

0.15 [− 0.25, 0.55]

 − 0.04 [− 0.43, 0.36]

Huntington disease

 − 0.02 [− 0.41, 0.36]

 − 0.03 [− 0.41, 0.35]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

 − 0.22 [− 0.38, − 0.07]**

 − 0.33 [− 0.49, − 0.17]***

Spinocerebellar ataxia

 − 0.65 [− 1.06, − 0.24]**

 − 0.69 [− 1.10, − 0.29]**

Spinal muscular atrophy

 − 0.39 [− 0.68, − 0.09]*

 − 0.50 [− 0.80, − 0.21]**

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy

 − 1.04 [− 1.82, − 0.25]**

 − 1.00 [− 1.78, − 0.23]*

Tuberous sclerosis complex

0.03 [− 0.24, 0.29]

 − 0.10 [− 0.37, 0.16]

Kallmann syndrome

0.02 [− 0.29, 0.34]

 − 0.14 [− 0.46, 0.17]

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

0.60 [0.44, 0.77]***

0.55 [0.38, 0.72]***

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

 − 0.12 [− 0.34, 0.10]

 − 0.28 [− 0.50, − 0.06]*

Marfan syndrome

0.07 [− 0.06, 0.19]

0.00 [− 0.13, 0.12]

Niemann-Pick disease

0.71 [0.26, 1.17]**

0.64 [0.18, 1.09]**

Mucopolysaccharidosis

0.55 [− 0.10, 1.19]

0.31 [− 0.32, 0.95]

Prader–Willi syndrome

 − 0.53 [− 0.77, − 0.29]***

 − 0.79 [− 1.04, − 0.55]***

General myathenic gravis

0.08 [− 0.07, 0.22]

0.05 [− 0.10, 0.20]

Neuromyelitis optica

0.20 [0.02, 0.38]*

0.03 [− 0.16, 0.21]

Type II glycogen storage disease

 − 0.45 [− 1.36, 0.45]

 − 0.66 [− 1.55, 0.23]

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

 − 0.09 [− 0.33, 0.14]

 − 0.28 [− 0.52, − 0.05]*

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

0.48 [0.34, 0.62]***

0.33 [0.19, 0.48]***

Systemic sclerosis

0.50 [0.36, 0.65]***

0.32 [0.17, 0.47]***

Congenital adrenal hypoplasia

0.24 [− 0.01, 0.48]

0.01 [− 0.23, 0.26]

Hemophilia

0.64 [0.52, 0.76]***

0.58 [0.46, 0.69]***

Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa

 − 0.35 [− 0.69, − 0.02]*

 − 0.52 [− 0.85, − 0.19]**

Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infaricy

 − 0.45 [− 1.10, 0.19]

 − 0.54 [− 1.18, 0.09]

Hyperphenylalaninemia

0.01 [− 0.69, 0.72]

 − 0.19 [− 0.88, 0.50]

Phenylketonuria

 − 1.13 [− 1.32, − 0.93]***

 − 1.18 [− 1.38, − 0.97]***

Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency

 − 0.79 [− 2.35, 0.78]

 − 1.05 [− 2.59, 0.48]