Table 2 Landmarks and reference lines for linear and angular measurements in the lateral cephalogram
Basal sagittal | ||
|---|---|---|
n-s-ba | Cranial base (nasion-sella-basion) | Degree |
s-n-A | This angle represents the relative anteroposterior position of the maxilla to the cranial base | Degree |
s-n-B | This angle represents the relative anteroposterior position of the mandible to the cranial base | Degree |
A-n-B | This angle represents the relative anteroposterior position of the maxilla to the mandible and can be used to determine skeletal class relationship | Degree |
A ḻ n-pg | Perpendicular distance between point A and line nasion-pogonion | mm |
NL/NSL | The angle formed between the Maxillary Line (NL) and nasion-sella line | Degree |
ML/NSL | The angle formed between the Mandibular Line (ML) and nasion-sella line | Degree |
ML/NL | The angle formed between the Maxillary Line and Mandibular Line | Degree |
FA/n-ba | Degree of convexity of the face | Degree |
n-sp | Line between nasion and spina | mm |
sp-gn | Line between spina and gnathion | mm |
N-sp/sp-gn | Relationship between upper and lower face | % |
Dental | ||
Ii to A-pg | Distance from the incisal point of the mandibular incisors to the line A-pg | mm |
Ili/A-pg | Angle formed between line A-pg and the axis of the mandibular incisors | Degree |
Ili/ML | The angle between the mandibular plane and the axis of the mandibular incisors | Degree |
Is to A-pg | Distance from the incisal point of the maxillary incisors to the line A-pg | mm |
Ils/A-pg | The angle between line A-pg and the axis of the maxillary incisors | Degree |