Table 2 Associations between country-level factors and SSc scientific output
All countries | HICs | MICs | LICs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ln of GDP per capita | 0.163 (− 0.012, 0.337) | − 0.028 (− 0.508, 0.451) | 0.081 (− 0.104, 0.266) | − 0.043 (− 0.122, 0.035) |
Ln of population | 0.292*** (0.198, 0.385) | 0.534*** (0.379, 0.689) | 0.119* (0.016, 0.222) | − 0.017 (− 0.047, 0.013) |
Female population percentage | 0.004 (− 0.029, 0.037) | 0.019 (− 0.041, 0.079) | 0.019 (− 0.107, 0.145) | − 0.020 (− 0.057, 0.018) |
Voice and accountability | 0.152 (− 0.029, 0.334) | − 0.022 (− 0.484, 0.441) | 0.179 (− 0.011, 0.370) | 0.027 (− 0.026, 0.080) |
Government effectiveness | − 0.125 (− 0.346, 0.095) | − 0.329 (− 0.727, 0.068) | 0.018 (− 0.234, 0.271) | 0.060 (− 0.055, 0.175) |
Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism | 0.006 (− 0.109, 0.121) | 0.125 (− 0.091, 0.342) | − 0.100 (− 0.233, 0.033) | − 0.025 (− 0.075, 0.024) |
Research and development expenditure (% of total GDP) | 0.526*** (0.292, 0.760) | 0.269* (0.046, 0.492) | 1.315*** (0.743, 1.887) | − 0.006 (− 0.123, 0.110) |
Health expenditure (% of total GDP) | 0.073** (0.019, 0.127) | 0.142*** (0.059, 0.224) | 0.000 (− 0.062, 0.062) | − 0.004 (− 0.014, 0.005) |
Rare disease legislation | 0.395* (0.094, 0.695) | 0.306 (− 0.184, 0.797) | 0.061 (− 0.250, 0.373) | NA |
Number of countries | 132 | 49 | 68 | 15 |
Number of observations | 1442 | 694 | 659 | 89 |