Quality of life and mental health of children with rare congenital surgical diseases and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic

Table 2 Distribution of parental QoL and mental health, and parent-reported HRQoL and mental health for the index group, the control group, and norm data of the ULQIE, BSI, PedsQL SF15, and SDQ

	Index group (a)		Control group (b)		Norm data (c)		Differences	Effect size a versus b	Effect size a versus c
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	Differences	Effect size a versus b	Effect size a versus c
Mothers
QoL	2.3	0.31	2.6	0.52	2.6	0.53	a < b*; a < c*	− 0.82	− 1.17
Mental health	0.5	0.48	0.3	0.24	0.4	0.23	a > b*; a > c	0.52	0.27
Children’s HRQoL	81.5	13.79	87.7	9.80	86.1	11.2	a < b*; a < c	− 0.49	− 0.33
Children’s mental health	11.3	3.65	10.1	2.96	8.5	7.22	a > b; a > c**	0.33	0.75
Fathers
QoL	2.4	0.30	2.8	0.60	2.6	0.53	a < b*; a < c*	− 1.02	− 0.96
Mental health	0.3	0.28	0.3	0.37	0.3	0.23	a > b; a < c	0.07	− 0.05
Children’s HRQoL	85.0	11.91	91.2	8.37	86.1	11.2	a < b***; a < c	− 0.56	− 0.09
Children’s mental health	11.1	4.01	10.2	3.53	8.5	7.22	a > b; a > c***	0.24	0.65

Comparison between groups is assessed with Welch t test and one-sample t test
QoL quality of life, HRQoL health-related quality of life, ULQIE Ulm quality of life scale, BSI GSI brief symptom inventory—global severity index, PedsQL SF15 Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Short Form 15, SDQ strength and difficulties questionnaire
*p ≤ .05; **p ≤ .01; ***p ≤ .001, d = Cohen’s d

ISSN: 1750-1172