Direct and indirect costs and cost-driving factors in adults with tuberous sclerosis complex: a multicenter cohort study and a review of the literature

Table 4 Prescription patterns and costs of antiseizure drugs for the 3-month study period (in 2019 Euro)

Medication costs	n	Mean costs per 3 months	SD¹	Minimum	Median	Maximum	95% CI	p-value²
All patients	192	€ 415	1962	€ 0	€ 104	€ 26,538	239; 706
No ASDs (35.9%)	69	0
Monotherapy (24.0%)	46	€ 222	400	€ 15	€ 125	€ 2613	136; 354	< 0.001³
2 ASDs (26.0%)	50	€ 327	317	€ 50	€ 238	€ 1405	250; 415	< 0.010⁴
≥ 3 ASDs (14.1%)	27	€ 1965	4979	€ 144	€ 962	€ 26,538	826, 4016	< 0.001⁵

Prescribed medication	n	Mean daily dose	SD¹	Minimum	Median	Maximum	Mean costs per 3 months	SD¹
Lamotrigine (26.6%)	51	362 mg	373 mg	50 mg	300 mg	2500 mg	€ 90	93
Valproate (24.0%)	46	1355 mg	465 mg	450 mg	1250 mg	2300 mg	€ 62	21
Oxcarbazepine (16.7%)	32	1617 mg	708 mg	150 mg	1800 mg	3600 mg	€ 226	99
Levetiracetam (13.0%)	25	2400 mg	1090 mg	750 mg	2250 mg	4500 mg	€ 161	73
Lacosamide (6.3%)	12	410 mg	283 mg	100 mg	350 mg	1200 mg	€ 894	616
Topiramate (3.6%)	7	225 mg	56 mg	150 mg	200 mg	300 mg	€ 149	37
Zonisamide (3.6%)	7	657 mg	450 mg	300 mg	500 mg	1600 mg	€ 1087	745
Carbamazepine (3.1%)	6	700 mg	490 mg	300 mg	500 mg	1600 mg	€ 35	24
Perampanel (3.1%)	6	5 mg	2 mg	2 mg	6 mg	8 mg	€ 308	120
Brivaracetam (2.6%)	5	220 mg	76 mg	150 mg	200 mg	350 mg	€ 508	175
Sulthiame (2.6%)	5	530 mg	470 mg	100 mg	450 mg	1250 mg	€ 320	284
Vigabatrine (2.6%)	5	2200 mg	758 mg	1000 mg	2500 mg	3000 mg	€ 397	137
Phenytoin (2.1%)	4	331 mg	85 mg	250 mg	313 mg	450 mg	€ 26	7
Primidone (2.1%)	4	750 mg	451 mg	375 mg	625 mg	1250 mg	€ 38	23
Phenobarbital (2.1%)	4	141 mg	106 mg	10 mg	163 mg	230 mg	€ 62	47
Rufinamid (1.6%)	3	1267 mg	702 mg	600 mg	1200 mg	2000 mg	€ 759	421
Clobazame (1.6%)	3	25 mg	13 mg	15 mg	20 mg	40 mg	€ 68	36
Gabapentin (1.6%)	3	967 mg	1250 mg	100 mg	400 mg	2400 mg	€ 78	101
Other ASDs* (5.7%)	11

¹ Standard deviation, 95% CI = 95% Confidence interval using the bootstrap bias corrected and accelerated method
²Mann-Whitney-U-test; ASD = antiseizure drug; ³Monotherapy vs. ≥ 3 ASDs, ⁴Monotherapy vs. 2 ASDs^{, 5}2 ASDs vs ≥ 3 ASDs,
*(Cannabidiol n = 2, Clonazepam n = 2, Ethosuximide n = 2, Lorazepam n = 2, Mesuximide n = 1, Pregabalin n = 2)

ISSN: 1750-1172