Table 1 Case-control studies reporting on the association of ARM and the maternal use of medical drugs

[28]

Zwink, 2016

Germany

158

474^a

< 18 - ≥30

population-based,

no major birth defects

Data from the German Network for congenital uro-rectal malformations and Malformation Monitoring Centre Saxony-Anhalt of the Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg (2009–2011)

Folic acid, multivitamins

[52]

Furu, 2015

Norway

799

2,303,647

≤24 - ≥45

population-based, all births

Data from nationwide Nordic health registers (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden) (1996–2010)

Antidepressants (any SSRI, citalopram,

sertraline)

[73]

Garne, 2015

Denmark

772

265^c

53,402

< 25 - ≥40

population-based,

non-chromosomal and

chromosol anomalies

Data from the EUROmediCAT registries

(1995–2010)

Anti-asthma medication (any asthma

medication, inhaled ß₂-agonists, inhaled corticosteroids)

[50]

Wemakor, 2015

UK

392

2,177,977

N.A.

registry-based,

other congenital

malformations

Data from 12 EUROCAT congenital anomalies registries (1995–2009)

Antidepressants (any SSRI, fluoxetine,

paroxetine, citalopram, sertraline,

escitalopram)

[53]

Zwink and Choinitzki, 2015

Germany

123

140

< 18 - ≥30

population-based,

other congenital

malformations^a

Data from the German Network for congenital uro-rectal malformations (2009–2012) and Consortium of Genetic Risk for Esophageal Atresia (2011–2012)

Anti-asthma medication, thyroid hormone

supplementations, iron intake, folic acid,

multivitamins

[57]

Gilboa, 2014

USA

176

4525

< 20 - ≥35

population-based,

all births

Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention

Study (1997–2005)

Vitamin E

[75]

Källén and Wikner, 2014

Sweden

588

48,012

< 20 - ≥45

population-based,

all births

Data from the nationwide Swedish Medical Birth Register (1996–2011)

Thyroxin

[41]

Wijers, 2014

The Netherlands

643^b

714

< 18 - ≥30

hospital-based,

no major birth defects

Questionnaire (1990–2012)

Folic acid

[76]

Källén, 2013

Sweden

590

69,749

< 20 - ≥45

population-based,

all births

Data from the nationwide Swedish Medical

Birth Register (1996–2011)

Opioids, anticonvulsants, neuroleptics

other than dixyrazine or prochloperazine,

dixyrazine or prochlorperazine,

sedatives or hypnotics, antidepressants

[49]

Pasternak, 2013

Denmark

52

1,222,503

N.A.

register-based,

all births

Data from the nationwide administrative and

health care registries in Denmark (1997–2011)

Metoclopramide

[54]

Polen, 2013

USA

741

8002

< 30 - ≥30

population-based,

no birth defects

Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention

Study (1997–2007)

Antidepressants, venlafaxine

[67]

Yau, 2013

USA

274

7606

< 25 - ≥34

population-based,

no birth defects

Data from the Slone Epidemiology Center

Birth Defects Study (1993–2010)

Decongestants (pseudoephedrine)

[59]

Lin, 2012

USA

285

6726

< 20 - ≥35

population-based,

no birth defects

Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention

Study (1997–2003)

Anti-asthma medication (bronchodilator use), anti-inflammatory use

[58]

Hernandez, 2012

USA

540

5546

< 20 - ≥35

population-based,

no birth defects

Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention

Study (1997–2004)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen)

[60]

van Gelder, 2011

The Netherlands

16

65,287

< 20 - ≥40

population-based,

no major birth defects

Data from the Norwegian Mother and Child

Cohort Study (1999–2006)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

[55]

Reefhuis, 2011

USA

582

6406

< 25 - ≥40

population-based,

no birth defects

Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention

Study (1997–2005)

Clomiphene citrate

[56]

Reis and Källén, 2010

Sweden

428

1,062,190

< 20 - ≥45

population-based,

all births

Data from the nationwide Swedish Medical

Birth Register (1995–2007)

Antidepressants

[27]

van Rooij, 2010

The Netherlands

85

650

≥35

hospital-based,

no major birth defects

Questionnaire (cases 1996–2008, controls 1996–2004)

Folic acid, multivitamins

[61]

Browne, 2009

USA

534

5875

12 - ≥35

population-based,

no birth defects

Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention

Study (1997–2004)

Anti-thyroid medication

[63]

Crider, 2009

USA

470

5008

< 18–49

population-based,

no birth defects

Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention

Study (1997–2003)

Antibacterial medication (any antibacterial,

penicillins, erythromycins, nitrofurantoins,

sulfonamides, cephalosporins)

[62]

Carter, 2008

USA

209

4774

N.A.

population-based,

no birth defects

Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention

Study (1997–2003)

Antifungal drugs

[68]

Alwan, 2007

USA

418

4092

< 35 - ≥35

population-based,

no birth defects

Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention

Study (1997–2002)

Antidepressants

[42]

Källén and Otterblad

Olausson, 2007

Sweden

495

40,728

N.A.

population-based,

all births

Data from the nationwide Swedish Medical

Birth Register (1995–2004)

Anti-asthma medication (ß₂-adrenergic

agonists, inhaled corticosteroids,

anticholinergic drugs, cromoglicic acid,

xanthines, leucotrien receptor antagonists)

[77]

Källén, 2007

Sweden

11

873,383

< 20 - ≥45

population-based,

all births

Data from the nationwide Swedish Medical

Birth Register (1995–2004)

Folic acid

[64]

Louik, 2007

USA

215

5860

N.A.

population-based,

no birth defects

Data from the Slone Epidemiology Center

Birth Defects Study (1993–2004)

Antidepressants (any SSRI, fluoxetine,

sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram,

non-SSRI antidepressant)

[66]

Czeizel, 2004

Hungary

220

38,151

< 25 - > 29

national-based,

no birth defects

Data from the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality

Registry (1980–1996) and National Birth Registry

of the Central Statistical Office (1996–1992)

Folic acid, multivitamins

[69]

Czeizel, 2004

Hungary

220

38,151

< 25 - > 29

national-based,

no birth defects

Data from the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality

Registry (1980–1996) and National Birth Registry

of the Central Statistical Office (1996–1992)

Multivitamins

[6]

Correa, 2003

USA

50

3029

< 20 - ≥30

population-based,

no birth defects

Data from the Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control

Study (1968–1980)

Multivitamins

[65]

Czeizel, 2003

Hungary

220

38,151

< 25 - > 29

national-based,

no birth defects

Data from the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality

Registry (1980–1996) and National Birth Registry

of the Central Statistical Office (1996–1992)

Diazepam

[78]

Källén and Mottet,

2003

Sweden

8

504,660

< 19–45

population-based,

all births

Data from the nationwide Swedish Medical

Birth Register (1995–2001)

Meclozine

[43]

Bonnot, 2001

France

6

13,703

N.A.

population-based,

all births

Data from the French Central-East Registry of

congenital malformations (1976–1998)

Lorazepam

[70]

Czeizel, 2001

Hungary

220

38,151

< 25 - > 29

national-based,

no birth defects

Data from the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality

Registry (1980–1996) and National Birth Registry

of the Central Statistical Office (1996–1992)

Cephalosporin (cephalexin, cefuroxime)

[51]

Myers, 2001

USA

50

222,264

N.A.

provinces-based,

all births

Data from a public health campaign conducted

in China (1993–1995)

Folic acid

[71]

Czeizel, 2000

Hungary

220

38,151

< 25 - > 29

national-based,

no birth defects

Data from the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality

Registry (1980–1996) and National Birth Registry

of the Central Statistical Office (1996–1992)

Acetylsalicylic acid

[72]

Stoll, 1997

France

108,

51^c

108

F: mean age 26.9,

M: mean age 29.9

hospital-based,

no birth defects

Interview (1979–1995)

Antibiotics, antispasmodics, estrogens and

other miscellaneous medication

[74]

Angerpointer, 1981

Germany

78

78

78

78

210^d

169^e

75^f

53^g

< 20 - > 40

hospital-based,

other malformed infants

Questionnaire (1970–1974)

Antiemetic, analgetic, laxative and

antihypotensive drugs, and iron preparations

[79]

Heinonen, 1977

USA

13

N.A.

N.A.

population-based,

no controls

Data from the Collaborative Perinatal Project

(1958–1965)

Aspirin