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Table 1 Factors influencing the natural course of emphysema in patients with AATD

From: Augmentation therapy for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: towards a personalised approach

Intrinsic factors:

Bronchial hyperresponsiveness

[29]

Bronchodilator reversibility

[9, 14, 19, 30]

Infections in childhood

[31]

Exacerbations

[14, 19, 32]

Pneumonia

[29, 33]

Chronic bronchitis

[29, 30, 34]

Lower body mass index

[14, 35]

Extrinsic factors:

Smoking

[9, 29, 30]

Professional exposure to dusts and fumes

[36, 37]

Air pollution

[38]

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Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases

ISSN: 1750-1172