Table 1 Factors influencing the natural course of emphysema in patients with AATD
From: Augmentation therapy for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: towards a personalised approach
| Intrinsic factors: | |
|---|---|
| Bronchial hyperresponsiveness | [29] |
| Bronchodilator reversibility | [9, 14, 19, 30] |
| Infections in childhood | [31] |
| Exacerbations | [14, 19, 32] |
| Pneumonia | [29, 33] |
| Chronic bronchitis | [29, 30, 34] |
| Lower body mass index | [14, 35] |
| Extrinsic factors: | |
| Smoking | [9, 29, 30] |
| Professional exposure to dusts and fumes | [36, 37] |
| Air pollution | [38] |