| Drugs | Other treatments |
---|---|---|
Cramps | • Carbamazepine | • Physiotherapy |
 | • Phenytoin | • Physical exercise |
 | • Quinine (removed from US market) | • Massage |
 |  | • Hydrotherapy |
Spasticity | • Baclofen | • Physiotherapy |
 | • Tizanidine | • Hydrotherapy |
 | • Dantrolene | • Cryotherapy |
 | • Botulinum toxin type A |  |
Excessive watery saliva | • Atropine | • Home suction device |
 | • Hyoscine hydrobromide | • Dark grape juice |
 | • Hyoscine butylbromide | • Sugar-free citrus lozenges |
 | • Hyoscine scopoderm | • Nebulisation |
 | • Glycopyrronium | • Steam inhalation |
 | • Amitriptyline | • Injections of botulinum toxin into parotid glands |
 |  | • Irradiation of the salivary glands |
Persistent saliva and bronchial secretions | • Carbocisteine | • Home suction device |
 | • Propranolol | • Assisted cough insufflator-exsufflator |
 | • Metoprolol | • Rehydration (jelly or ice) |
 |  | • Pineapple or papaya juice |
 |  | • Reduced intake of diary products, alcohol, and caffeine |
Excessive or violent yawning | Baclofen | Â |
Laryngospasm | Lorazepam | Reassurance |
Pain | • Simple analgesics | Comfort (seating, sleeping, day and night care) |
 | • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |  |
 | • Opioids |  |
Emotional lability | • Tricyclic antidepressant |  |
 | • Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors |  |
 | • Levodopa |  |
 | • Dextrometorphan and quinidine |  |
Communication difficulties |  | • Speaking techniques |
 |  | • Low-tech augmentative and alternative communication tools |
 |  | • Voice amplifiers |
 |  | • Light writers |
 |  | • Scanning systems operated by switches |
 |  | • Brain-computer interfaces |
Constipation | • Lactulose | • Hydration |
 | • Senna | • Increased fibre intake |
Depression | • Amitriptyline | • Psychological support, counselling |
 | • Citalopram |  |
Insomnia | • Amitriptyline | Comfort, analgesia |
 | • Zolpidem |  |
Anxiety | Lorazepam | Psychological support, counselling |
Fatigue | Modafinil | Â |