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Table 3 Univariate correlations among factors influencing sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and caregiver burden

From: Sleep quality, anxiety, symptoms of depression, and caregiver burden among those caring for patients with Dravet syndrome: a prospective multicenter study in Germany

 

PSQI

HADS-Anxiety

HADS-Depression

BSFC

n

Mean

SD1

Median

p-value2

Mean

SD1

Median

p-value2

Mean

SD1

Median

p-value2

Mean

SD1

Median

p-value2

Number of ASMs

 1–2 ASMs

28

8.3

3.1

9

0.57

9.4

4.8

9

0.88

7.1

3.6

7

0.22

40.3

12.8

39.5

0.54

 ≥ 3 ASMs

80

8.8

3.7

8

 

9.2

4.1

9

 

8.2

3.9

8

 

42.1

11.4

40.5

 

Sex

 Male

53

8.5

3.5

9

0.56

9.1

4.5

9

0.68

7.7

3.6

7

0.78

42.3

12.3

41

0.53

 Female

55

8.9

3.6

8

 

9.5

4.1

9

 

8.1

4.1

7

 

41.1

11.2

40

 

Frequency of nocturnal seizures

 Daily or weekly

33

9.2

3.6

9

0.30

9.1

4.3

9

0.77

8.9

4.7

9

0.14

45.2

12.2

48

0.03

 Once per month or less

75

8.4

3.5

8

 

9.4

4.3

9

 

7.4

3.2

7

 

40.1

11.2

39

 

Frequency of GTCSs

 Daily or weekly

34

9.1

3.5

9

0.39

9.9

3.9

10

0.24

9.3

3.9

9

0.01

45.4

11.9

45.5

0.02

 Once per month or less

74

8.5

3.6

8

 

9.0

4.5

9

 

7.3

3.5

7

 

40.0

11.3

39

 

Disabled person pass degree

 < 80% degree of disability

14

8.6

2.4

9

0.91

9.2

4.8

8.5

0.70

6.8

3.4

7

0.25

37.4

12.5

34

0.10

 ≥ 80% degree of disability

94

8.7

3.7

8

 

9.3

4.2

9

 

8.1

3.8

8

 

42.3

11.5

41

 

Need for care

 Care level 1–3

51

8.7

3.3

9

0.75

9.8

4.4

9

0.34

8.3

3.3

8

0.19

42.0

12.4

40

0.87

 Care level 4–5

57

8.6

3.7

8

 

8.8

4.1

9

 

7.6

4.1

7

 

41.4

11.1

41

 

Help of pediatric intensive care service

 No use of pediatric intensive care service

88

8.7

3.6

8.5

0.89

9.1

4.4

9

0.16

7.7

3.7

7

0.07

41.4

11.9

40

0.54

 Use of pediatric intensive care service

18

8.5

3.3

8.5

 

10.5

3.7

10.5

 

9.4

3.4

9

 

43.4

11.6

43.5

 

Sleep disturbance of the patients

 No or minor sleep disturbances

65

7.8

3.2

8

0.02

8.5

4.1

8

0.03

7.5

3.8

7

0.08

39.5

11.4

39

0.02

 Sleep disturbance at least moderate problem

43

10.0

3.5

10

 

10.4

4.4

10

 

8.6

3.7

9

 

44.9

11.5

45

 

Use of monitoring devices

 Yes

82

8.9

3.6

9

0.11

9.6

4.3

9

0.20

8.0

3.9

7

0.98

41.8

11.2

40

0.98

 No

26

7.7

4.0

7

 

8.2

4.2

8.5

 

7.7

3.4

8

 

41.2

13.3

41

 

Sleeping conditions

 Patient sleeps in his/her own room

70

8.5

3.6

9

0.40

8.7

4.0

9

0.03

7.3

3.6

7

0.01

41.1

12.0

40

0.38

 Patient sleeps in parents bedroom

36

9.2

3.6

8

 

10.7

4.6

10.5

 

9.4

4.2

9

 

43.6

10.7

42.5

 

 Patient has his/her own bed

12

9.4

4.1

8

 

9.5

5.7

9.5

 

7.6

4.2

7

 

39.4

11.7

35

 

 Patient sleeps in the conjugal bed

24

9.1

3.0

8.5

 

11.3

4.0

11

 

10.3

4.0

10.5

 

45.8

9.8

47.5

 

Main cageriver's work situation

 Yes

52

9.0

3.6

8.5

0.47

8.9

4.2

8.5

0.40

7.3

3.5

7.0

0.15

41.3

11.8

39.0

0.52

 No

56

8.4

3.5

8.5

 

9.6

4.4

9.5

 

8.5

3.9

8.0

 

42.0

11.7

41

 
  1. Bold values highlight statistically significant results (p < 0.05)
  2. 1SD, standard deviation; ASM, anti-seizure medication; GTCS, generalized tonic–clonic seizure; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; BSFC, Burden Scale for Family Caregivers
  3. 2of the Wilcoxon-W-Test