Box 3 Non-exhaustive list of HE-inducing drugs

Antibiotics: penicillins, cephalosporins, cyclins (mainly minocycline), sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, isoniazid, rifampicin, vancomycin.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Uric acid-lowering agents: allopurinol.

Antiepileptic drugs: phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, lamotrigine, gabapentin, valproic acid.

Sulfonamides: dapsone, sulfasalazine, antibacterial and antidiabetic sulfonamides.

Antivirals: abacavir, nevirapine, efavirenz.

Anticoagulants: heparin, fluindione.

Cancer immunotherapy: ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, IL-2, etc.

Miscellaneous: dupilumab, synthetic antithyroid drugs, thalidomide, diltiazem, dialysis membranes, iodinated contrast agents, phytotherapy.