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Table 4 Summary of studies that predict ECG for abnormal cardiac function in patients with DMD

From: Electrocardiographic features of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Year

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Study type

Sample size

Total ECG

Age enrollment

EF abnormality

ECG abnormality

VT

others

2010

DMD(2004–2009)

None

Retrospective

150

377

10.1–16.9

Not specified

94% DCM with ST changes

27% with VT in DCM, 6 died after 0.68 ± 0.41 years later

5 with abnormal ECG progressed to DCM in 3.7 ± 2.6 years

2013

DMD(2002–2011)

None

Retrospective

155

800

1.8–37.2

Higher V1R and EF < 55%, r = − 0.044

None

None

Higher V1Rdid not predict DCM

2016

DMD(2010–2014)

None

Retrospective

235

442

11.0–17.0

LVEF ≥ 55%

Not specified

0

-

       

LVEF = 35%-54%

 

2%

 
       

LVEF < 35%

 

30%

 

2018

DMD > 18 years

 

Retrospective

121

121

18–41

32% in LBBB; 50% without LBBB

Lower LVEF

in patients with LBBB

None

–

  1. Abbreviations: DMD: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; ECG: electrocardiogram; EF: ejection fraction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; VT: ventricular tachycardia; LBBB: left bundle branch block; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy