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Table 1 Summary of studies that investigate characteristics of general ECG in patients with DMD

From: Electrocardiographic features of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Year

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Study type

Sample

Total ECG

Age

LV ECG changes

Abnormal Q wave

Low amplitude of RV5 + SV1

ST-T segment changes

Short PR interval

Prolonged QT interval

Conduction block

Sinus tachycardia

Others

2008

DMD < 18

Steroids, ACEI used before ECG

Retrospective

69

136

4–9

None

54.50%

3.00%

None

33.3%

Exist

None

17.9%

Total abnornal ECG 91.3% (63/69)

      

10–13

 

46.20%

23.10%

      
      

14–18

 

85.70%

50.00%

      

2009

EF < 55%

–

Retrospective

115

115

3.6–27.8

None

10–34%

None

33.0%

43.0%

None

None

None

–

2010

DMD (2004–2009)

–

Retrospective

150

377

10.1–16.9

None

10%

None

33.0%

None

1.0%

10%

None

–

2011

DMD < 6

Not treated with hormones

Retrospective

78

78

0.2–5.7

None

57.0%

None

3.0%

4.0%

4.0%

None

4.0%

19% (increased R/S ratio at V6)

2017

DMD > 20

–

Retrospective

47

386

27.7 ± 6.0

None

None

None

None

None

None

5 CRBBB; 2 CLBBB, 5 indoor block; 1 cAVB

None

–

2018

DMD > 18

–

Retrospective

121

121

18–41

None

None

None

None

None

None

34% with RBBB; 13% with LBBB

None

6% with SVT; 2% with VT

2018

DMD (2011–2016)

Cardio dysfunction

Retrospective

246

270

0–3

7.89%

1.61%

None

None

None

None

None

None

11.8%(9/76)

      

4–6

10.53%

1.61%

      

18.4%(14/76)

      

7–9

19.77%

8.10%

      

26.7%(23/86)

      

 ≥ 10

7.89%

1.61%

      

50.0%(16/32)

  1. Abbreviations: DMD: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; ECG: electrocardiogram; EF: ejection fraction; LBBB: left bundle branch block; CLBBB: complete left branch bundle block; CRBBB: complete right bundle branch block; cAVB: complete atrioventricular block; ACEI: ansgiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor