Table 4 Pain assessment scales in MPSs according to patients’ age and intellectual development

FLACC [20, 21]

2 months–7 years

Behavioural scale adopted also for patients of any age neurologically impaired

FPS-R [22,23,24]

4 years–18 years

Self-evaluating numerical scales administered in collaborating patients without intellectual disabilities

NRS [22,23,24]

4 years–18 years

CHAQ [22,23,24]

4 years–18 years

NCCPC-R [16]

< 8 years

Scale used also for patients aged 3 to 18 years with mental and intellectual disabilities incapable to speak

WILDA [18]

> 8 years

Test used for initial pain assessment, putting patients at ease

BPI [25]

> 18 years

Inventory to distinguish moments of minimum ad maximum pain

SFHS-36 [26]

> 18 years

36 questions in 8 domains to evaluate pain impact on quality of life