Table 3 Etiological factors related to Legg–Calve–Perthes disease
Factor | Year | References |
|---|---|---|
Environmental | ||
Deprivation | 2000 | Kealey et al. J Bone Joint Surg Br |
Urbanisation | 2000 | Kealey et. al. J Bone Joint Surg Br |
Race | 2012 | Perry DC et al. Am J Epidemiol |
Gender | 2012 | Perry DC et al. Am J Epidemiol |
Somke exposure | 2017 | Perry DC et al. Bone Joint J |
Metabolic | ||
Tissue-plasminogen activator | 1996 | C J Glueck et al. Bone Joint Surg Am |
Resistance to activated protein C | 1997 | C J Glueck et al. Clin Orthop Relat Res |
Abnormalities in factor V | 2004 | Balasa VV. et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am |
Anticardiolipin antibodys | 2004 | Balasa VV. et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am |
Low antithrombin activity | 2005 | Yilmaz D. et al. Pediatr Int |
High levels of soluble Thrombomodulin | 2008 | Aksoy M. et al. Hematology |
Hight levels of Factor VIII | 2010 | Vosmaer A et al. Bone Joint Surg Am |
Protein S deficiency | 2010 | Vosmaer A et al. Bone Joint Surg Am |
Increased Selectin E | 2014 | Ismayilov V et al. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol |
Increased Selectin A | 2014 | Ismayilov V et al. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol |
Gens/polymorphism | ||
Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa-B (RANK) rs3018362. 18q21.33. OMIM *603499 | 1997 | Anderson DM et al. Nature |
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) rs2073618. 18q24.12. OMIM *602,643 | 1998 | Morinaga T et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun |
Type I collagen (COL1A1) rs1107946. 17q21.33. OMIM 120150 | 1999 | Sainz J et al. J Clin Endocr Metab |
RANK Ligand (RANKL) rs12585014. 13q14.11. OMIM *602642 | 2004 | Koga T et al. Nature |
Type II collagen (COL2A1) rs121912891, 12q13.11. OMIM 120140 | 2014 | Li N, et al. Plos one |
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) rs4986790. 9q33.1. OMIM 603030 | 2016 | Adapala NS, et al. Am J Pathol |
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) rs1800629. 6p21.33. OMIM 191160 | 2018 | Azarpira MR, et al. J Orthop |
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) rs 1800795. 7p15.3. OMIM 147620 | 2021 | Akbarian-Bafghi MJ, et al. Fetal Pediatr Pathol |
Nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) rs1799983. 7q35-36. OMIM 163729 | 2019 | Azarpira MR, et al. J Orthop |