Craniofacial and dentoalveolar morphology in individuals with Prader–Willi syndrome: a case-control study

Table 8 Cephalometric measurements for PWS individuals under 12 years of age and PWS individuals between 12 and 20 years of age

Measurement		PWS < 12 years (n = 12)		PWS 12–20 years (n = 10)		Difference	t-test p value
Measurement		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Difference	t-test p value
Basal sagittal
n-s-ba	Degree	129.2	7.0	124.5	6.0	+ 4.7	0.11
s-n-A	Degree	81.1	5.3	84.7	2.9	− 3.6	0.07
s-n-B	Degree	76.1	5.5	81.0	3.0	− 4.9	0.02
A-n-B	Degree	5.0	2.4	3.7	2.2	+ 1.3	0.20
A ḻ n-pg	mm	4.3	2.2	3.0	2.3	+ 1.3	0.17
Basal vertical
NL/NSL	Degree	11.6	4.5	5.4	3.2	+ 6.2	0.001
ML/NSL	Degree	35.9	7.4	30.7	7.4	+ 5.2	0.12
ML/NL	Degree	24.3	7.6	25.3	7.9	− 1.0	0.76
FA/n-ba	Degree	88.2	5.4	92.6	4.6	− 4.4	0.06
Anterior face height
n-sp	mm	46.0	4.3	49.7	4.6	− 3.7	0.06
sp-gn	mm	57.7	6.1	67.8	8.7	− 10.1	0.05
n-sp/sp-gn	%	80.1	6.6	74.3	9.9	+ 5.8	0.11
Dental
Ii to A-pg	mm	1.5	2.3	1.5	2.7	0	0.98
ILi/A-pg	Degree	20.7	4.1	21.7	4.1	− 1.0	0.58
ILi/ML	Degree	93.6	5.4	92.8	7.4	+ 0.8	0.80
Is to A-pg	mm	4.5	3.5	6.4	2.6	− 1.9	0.19
ILs/A-pg	Degree	26.1	8.4	25.7	5.8	+ 0.4	0.90
ILs/NSL	Degree	96.3	7.7	103.9	6.1	− 7.6	0.025
ILi/ILs	Degree	133.2	9.4	132.5	8.2	+ 0.7	0.87

Basal sagittal—n-s-ba: cranial base inclination, s-n-A: maxillary prognathism, s-n-B: mandibular prognathism, A-n-B: relative prognathism, A ḻ n-pg: facial convexity
Basal vertical—NL/NSL: maxillary inclination, ML/NSL: mandibular inclination, ML/NL: mand./max. inclination, FA/n-ba: facial axis
Anterior face height—n-sp: upper anterior face height, sp-gn: lower anterior face height, n-sp/sp-gn: ratio
Dental—Ii to A-pg: lower incisor protrusion, ILi/A-pg: lower incisor inclination to A-pg, ILi/ML: lower incisor inclination to ML, Is to A-pg: upper incisor protrusion, ILs/A-pg: upper incisor inclination to A-pg, ILs/NSL: upper incisor inclination to NSL, ILi/ILs: interincisor angle

ISSN: 1750-1172