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Table 7 Cephalometric measurements for PWS individuals between 12 and 20 years of age and PWS individuals over 20 years of age

From: Craniofacial and dentoalveolar morphology in individuals with Prader–Willi syndrome: a case-control study

Measurement

 

PWS 12–20 years (n = 10)

PWS > 20 years (n = 20)

Difference

t-test

p value

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Basal sagittal

 n-s-ba

Degree

124.5

6.0

129.1

6.0

− 4.6

0.06

 s-n-A

Degree

84.7

2.9

82.5

4.5

+ 2.2

0.17

 s-n-B

Degree

81.0

3.0

81.4

3.3

− 0.4

0.74

 A-n-B

Degree

3.7

2.2

1.1

3.7

+ 2.6

0.05

 A ḻ n-pg

mm

3.0

2.3

− 0.2

3.9

+ 3.2

0.02

Basal vertical

 NL/NSL

Degree

5.4

3.2

7.5

3.7

− 2.1

0.13

 ML/NSL

Degree

30.7

7.4

27.7

5.7

+ 3.0

0.23

 ML/NL

Degree

25.3

7.9

20.2

5.2

+ 5.1

0.41

 FA/n-ba

Degree

92.6

4.6

96.9

4.6

− 4.3

0.02

Anterior face height

 n-sp

mm

49.7

4.6

49.9

3.7

− 0.2

0.91

 sp-gn

mm

67.8

8.7

65.5

6.4

+ 2.3

0.42

 n-sp/sp-gn

%

74.3

9.9

76.7

7.7

− 2.4

0.46

Dental

 Ii to A-pg

mm

1.5

2.7

1.1

2.6

+ 0.4

0.72

 ILi/A-pg

Degree

21.7

4.1

20.3

5.8

+ 1.4

0.47

 ILi/ML

Degree

92.8

7.4

89.7

9.3

+ 3.1

0.36

 Is to A-pg

mm

6.4

2.6

4.7

2.4

+ 1.7

0.09

 ILs/A-pg

Degree

25.7

5.8

23.8

7.2

+ 1.9

0.48

 ILs/NSL

Degree

103.9

6.1

106.7

8.5

− 2.8

0.37

 ILi/ILs

Degree

132.5

8.2

135.9

10.7

− 3.4

0.39

  1. Basal sagittal—n-s-ba: cranial base inclination, s-n-A: maxillary prognathism, s-n-B: mandibular prognathism, A-n-B: relative prognathism, A ḻ n-pg: facial convexity
  2. Basal vertical—NL/NSL: maxillary inclination, ML/NSL: mandibular inclination, ML/NL: mand./max. inclination, FA/n-ba: facial axis
  3. Anterior face height—n-sp: upper anterior face height, sp-gn: lower anterior face height, n-sp/sp-gn: ratio
  4. Dental—Ii to A-pg: lower incisor protrusion, ILi/A-pg: lower incisor inclination to A-pg, ILi/ML: lower incisor inclination to ML, Is to A-pg: upper incisor protrusion, ILs/A-pg: upper incisor inclination to A-pg, ILs/NSL: upper incisor inclination to NSL, ILi/ILs: interincisor angle