Table 5 Level of engagement in the six research steps in the included 18 articles, measured with Arnsteins’ participation ladder
| Research step | Total of 18 articles | Level on Arnsteins’ ladder |
|---|---|---|
| Step 1 Identifying the general study | 0 | |
| Step 2 Choosing the research topic | 9 |
Consultation (level 4): 7 times Placation (level 5): 2 times |
| Step 3 Formulating plan and technology | 2 |
Consultation (level 4): 1 time Placation (level 5): 1 time |
| Step 4 Collecting data | 7 |
Informing (level 3): 6 times Consultation (level 4): 1 time |
| Step 5 Analyzing and interpreting data | 3 |
Consultation (level 4): 1 time Partnership (level 6): 2 times |
| Step 6 Writing content and other ways of presenting the findings | 10 |
Consultation (level 4): 6 times Placation (level 5): 2 times Partnership (level 6): 2 times |