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Table 4 Level of engagement per type of article, measured with Arnsteins’ participation ladder

From: Patient engagement in the design of clinical research in Noonan syndrome spectrum disorders: a scoping review

Type of article

Number of studies

Scores on Arnsteins’ ladder

Clinical study

8

Informing (level 3): 5 times

Consultation (level 4): 3 times

Proceedings

8

Consultation (level 4): 6 times

Placation (level 5): 2 times

Guideline

2

Partnership (level 6): 2 times