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Table 2 Phonation assessment of all adolescents and those with isolated and non-isolated PRS and with and without secondary pharyngoplasty

From: Quality of life and phonatory and morphological outcomes in cognitively unimpaired adolescents with Pierre Robin sequence: a cross-sectional study of 72 patients

 

Total

n = 70 (%)

Isolated PRS

n = 57 (%)

Non-isolated PRS

n = 13 (%)

No secondary pharyngoplasty

n = 53 (%)

With secondary pharyngoplasty

n = 17 (%)

Nasal air emission (Glatzer mirror)

43 (61.4)

39 (68.4)

4 (30.8)

32 (60.4)

11 (64.7)

Vocal quality

 Reduced vocal power

11 (15.7)

11 (19.3)

0

5 (9.4)

6 (35.3)

 Vocal hoarseness

6 (8.6)

3 (5.3)

3 (23.1)

5 (9.4)

1 (5.9)

 Vocal projection defect

10 (14.3)

9 (15.8)

1 (7.7)

5 (9.4)

5 (29.4)

Phonation quality

 Ph1

25 (35.7)

17 (29.8)

8 (61.5)

19 (35.8)

6 (35.3)

 Ph1/2

17 (24.3)

16 (28.1)

1 (7.7)

12 (22.6)

5 (29.4)

 Ph2B

5 (7.1)

4 (7.0)

1 (7.7)

4 (7.5)

1 (5.9)

 Ph2/1

15 (21.4)

14 (24.6)

1 (7.7)

12 (22.6)

3 (17.6)

 Ph2

8 (11.4)

6 (10.5)

2 (15.4)

6 (11.3)

2 (11.8)

 PH2M; Ph2/3; Ph3/2; Ph3

0

0

0

0

0

Phonation outcome

 Normal phonation

23 (32.9)

16 (28.1)

7 (53.8)

17 (32.1)

6 (35.3)

 Mild trouble

19 (27.1)

17 (29.8)

2 (15.4)

14 (26.4)

5 (29.4)

 Moderate trouble

28 (40.0)

24 (42.1)

4 (30.8)

22 (41.5)

6 (35.3)

 Severe trouble

0

0

0

0

0

  1. NAE, nasal air emission
  2. Ph1: normal phonation
  3. Ph1/2: occasional nasal air emission (NAE); good intelligibility
  4. Ph2B: constant but non-audible NAE; good intelligibility
  5. Ph2/1: constant and audible NAE; improvement on effort
  6. Ph2: constant and audible NAE; no improvement on effort
  7. Ph2M: constant NAE hampering intelligibility or with synkinesis and/or forcing
  8. Ph2/3 or 3/2 (depending on the predominant mode): constant NAE; occasional compensatory mechanisms (glottal stops, pharyngeal friction); poor intelligibility
  9. Ph3: constant compensatory mechanisms; no intelligibility