Fig. 3

Quantitative MRI to assess the structural changes of brain. A Visual rating scales to assess cerebral atrophy, OF = orbitofrontal cortex, AC = anterior cingulate, AT = anterior temporal, FI = fronto-insula, MT = medial temporal lobe, PA = posterior cortex; Visual rating was performed by two neurologists, the intraclass correlation coefficient value ranged from 0.829 to 1.000. Comparisons to each visual rating score and total visual rating scores between the SPG5 patients and the matched healthy controls (HC) were performed using the Mann–Whitney test. B Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was performed to assess brain volume analysis alteration between healthy controls (HC) and SPG5 patients; statistical tests were evaluated at a significance level of P < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons with the false discovery rate (FDR). C Comparisons of the grey matter fraction (GMF) between SPG5 patients and healthy controls were performed using the Mann–Whitney test (right). D Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was performed to assess gray matter analysis alteration between healthy controls (HC) and patients; statistical tests were evaluated at a significance level of P < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons with FDR. E, F Comparisons of the cerebellum volume fraction and corpus collosum volume fraction between SPG5 patients and healthy controls were performed using the Mann–Whitney test