Table 1 Complications associated with PIK3CA-related disorders [1, 3, 9, 42, 50, 52]
From: A review of mechanisms of disease across PIK3CA-related disorders with vascular manifestations
Severe functional impairment |
Pain |
Vascular complications |
 Coagulopathy or changes in coagulation   Chronic consumptive coagulopathy   Localized intravascular coagulopathy |
 Hemorrhage |
 Thromboembolism |
Infections |
Neurologic complications |
 Ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus |
 Cerebellar tonsillar ectopia |
 Brainstem compression |
 Seizures |
 Developmental delay  Hypotonia |
Risk of malignant tumors |
 Wilms’ tumor |
 Leukemia |
 Meningiomas |
Dermatologic, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, or endocrine/metabolism involvement |