Direct and indirect costs and cost-driving factors of Tuberous sclerosis complex in children, adolescents, and caregivers: a multicenter cohort study

Table 4 Prescription patterns and costs of anti-seizure drugs (ASDs) for a 3-month period (in 2019 Euro)

Medication costs	n	Mean costs per 3 months	SD¹	Minimum	Median	Maximum	95% CI	p value²
All patients	184	€ 260	378	€ 0	€ 159	€ 3027	€ 213; 312
No ASDs (16.3%)	30	0
Monotherapy (32.6%)	60	€ 158	211	€ 7	€ 102	€ 1369	€ 117; 208	< 0.001³
2 ASDs (37.0%)	68	€ 283	191	€ 27	€ 241	€ 810	€ 242; 328	< 0.001⁴
≥ 3 ASDs (14.1%)	26	€ 736	708	€ 167	€ 519	€ 3027	€ 503; 994	< 0.004⁵

Prescribed medication	n	Mean daily dose	SD¹	Minimum	Median	Maximum	Mean costs per 3 months	SD¹
Oxcarbazepine (26.6%)	49	1006 mg	532 mg	150 mg	900 mg	2700 mg	€ 140	74
Vigabatrine (26.1%)	48	1480 mg	754 mg	500 mg	1250 mg	3500 mg	€ 267	136
Lamotrigine (25.5%)	47	213 mg	163 mg	6 mg	200 mg	700 mg	€ 53	41
Valproate (25.0%)	46	850 mg	373 mg	150 mg	840 mg	1650 mg	€ 39	17
Levetiracetam (13.6%)	25	1574 mg	1287 mg	500 mg	900 mg	5250 mg	€ 105	86
Lacosamide (6.5%)	12	284 mg	91 mg	120 mg	275 mg	400 mg	€ 619	198
Clobazame (4.9%)	9	29 mg	50 mg	3 mg	13 mg	150 mg	€ 78	136
Topiramate (3.3%)	6	194 mg	132 mg	38 mg	150 mg	400 mg	€ 128	87
Brivaracetam (2.7%)	5	195 mg	67 mg	125 mg	200 mg	300 mg	€ 450	155
Ethosuximide (2.7%)	5	440 mg	134 mg	300 mg	500 mg	600 mg	€ 79	24
Sulthiame (2.2%)	4	106 mg	69 mg	25 mg	113 mg	175 mg	€ 64	42
Carbamazepine (2.2%)	4	963 mg	256 mg	600 mg	1025 mg	1200 mg	€ 47	13
Phenytoin (1.6%)	3	250 mg	87 mg	200 mg	200 mg	350 mg	€ 20	7
Rufinamid (1.6%)	3	1333 mg	945 mg	600 mg	1000 mg	2400 mg	€ 799	566
Zonisamide (1.6%)	3	147 mg	50 mg	100 mg	140 mg	200 mg	€ 243	83
Other ASDs* (4.9%)	9

¹Standard deviation, 95% CI = 95% Confidence interval using the bootstrap bias corrected and accelerated method
²Mann–Whitney-U-test; ³Monotherapy vs. ≥ 3 ASDs^{, 4}Monotherapy vs. 2 ASDs^{, 5}2 ASDs vs ≥ 3 ASDs
^*(Cannabidiol n = 2, Eslicarbazepine acetate n = 1, Felbamate n = 1, Perampanel n = 2, Phenobarbital n = 2, Potassium bromide n = 1)

ISSN: 1750-1172