Table 1 An overview of calcium channel subunits
From: Calcium channelopathies and intellectual disability: a systematic review
Gene | Name | Subunit | Current type | Neuronal localization | Distribution | Role | Function | Pharmacology | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CACNA1A | Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 A | Cav2.1 | P/Q-type | Pre-synaptic region | Cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum | Form the conducting pore | Involved in muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, and gene expression | Can be blocked by omega-agatoxin-IVA | |
CACNA1B | Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 B | Cav2.2 | N-type | Pre-synaptic region | Midbrain, cerebellar cells, spinal cord motor neurons and cholecystokinin‐expressing interneurons | Form the conducting pore | Involved in muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death as well as neuronal firing | Can be blocked by omega-conotoxin-GVIA and omega-agatoxin-IIIAS | |
CACNA1C | Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C | Cav1.2 | L-type | Neuronal synapses and dendrites | Brain and cardiac muscles | Form the conducting pore | Maintain synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival and fear conditioning | Can be blocked by dihydropyridine and lead | |
CACNA1D | Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D | Cav1.3 | L-type | Post-synaptic | Brain (dendritic spines), inner hair cell and organ of Corti and heart | Mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells | Regulates contraction, secretion, and neurotransmission and gene expression | Can be blocked by dihydropyridine | |
CACNA1E | Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 E | Cav2.3 | R-type | Both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic | Hippocampus, kidney, retina, spleen and pancreatic islet cells | Mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells | Involved in neurotransmitter release and long-term potentiation | Can be blocked by SNX-482 | [222] |
CACNA1F | Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F | Cav1.4 | L-type | Pre-synaptic region | Hippocampus, cerebellum and retina | Mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells | Involved in neurotransmitter release | Can be blocked by dihydropyridine | [217] |
CACNA1G | Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 G | Cav3.1 | T-type | Post-synaptic region | Cerebellum, hippocampus, thalamus and heart | Mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells | Muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division, and cell death | Can be blocked by mibefradil Hybrid of dearomatized isoprenylated acylphloroglucinol (DIAP) and monoterpenoid, hypatone A (agonist and antagonist) | |
CACNA1H | Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 H | Cav3.2 | T-type | Plasma membrane | Brain cortex, amygdala, caudate nucleus, putamen, kidney, liver, and heart | Forms the pore | Regulates contraction, secretion, neurotransmission and gene expression | Can be blocked by efonidipine, felodipine, isradipine, and nitrendipine | [224] |
CACNA1I | Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha 1I | Cav3.3 | T-type | Plasma membrane | Cerebellum, thalamus, cerebral cortex, adrenal gland and thyroid gland | Forms the pore | Regulates muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death | Can be blocked by nickel and mibefradil | [223] |
CACNA1S | Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel subunit alpha 1S | Cav1.1 | L-type | Plasma membrane | Muscles, brain cortex | Forms the pore | Regulates muscle contraction | Can be blocked by dihydropyridine | [217] |