|
Children’s characteristics
|
German sample
|
Swedish sample
|
z or χ2
|
U or df
|
p
|
|---|
|
n = 23
|
n = 40
|
|---|
|
No. (%) or M (± SD)
|
No. (%) or M (± SD)
|
|---|
|
Child age (in years)
|
12.77 (2.98)
|
12.24 (3.46)
|
− .792
|
404.50
|
.43
|
|
Child gender
| | | |
|
Male
|
13 (56.5%)
|
22 (55%)
|
.78
|
1
|
.38
|
|
Female
|
10 (43.5%)
|
18 (45%)
|
|
EA severity levela
| | |
|
Mild/moderate
|
14 (60.9%)
|
18 (45%)
|
.02
|
1
|
.90
|
|
Severe
|
9 (39.1%)
|
22 (55%)
|
|
Primary anastomosis
| | | |
|
Yes
|
21 (95.7%)
|
34 (85%)
|
1.68
|
1
|
.20
|
|
No
|
2 (4.3%)
|
6 (15%)
|
|
Associated anomalies
| | | |
|
Yes
|
15 (65.2%)
|
29 (72.5%)
|
9.92
|
1
|
.01
|
|
No
|
8 (34.8%)
|
11 (27.5%)
|
|
Cardiac malformation
| | | | |
|
Yes
|
7 (30.4%)
|
18 (45%)
|
2.68
|
1
|
.10
|
|
No
|
16 (69.6%)
|
22 (55%)
|
|
Anorectal malformation
| | | |
|
Yes
|
5 (21.7%)
|
5 (12.5%)
|
29.35
|
1
|
≤ .01
|
|
No
|
18 (78.3%)
|
35 (87.5%)
|
|
Birthweight (in grams)
| | | |
|
≤ 2,500 g
|
7 (30.4%)b
|
15 (37.5%)c
|
1.85
|
1
|
.17
|
|
> 2,500 g
|
9 (39.1%)
|
23 (57.5%)
|
|
Gestational age (in weeks)
|
35.65 (3.71)d
|
36.44 (3.61)e
|
− .852
|
284.00
|
.39
|
|
Parents’ characteristics
|
No. (%) or Mean (± SD)
|
No. (%) or Mean (± SD)
|
z or χ2
|
U or df
|
p
|
|
Parent age
|
46.04 (7.11)
|
43.52 (6.33)e
|
− 2.138
|
299.00
|
.03
|
|
Parent gender
| | | |
|
Male
|
1 (4.3%)
|
5 (12.5%)e
|
40.32
|
1
|
≤ .01
|
|
Female
|
22 (95.7%)
|
34 (85%)
|
|
Partnership
| | | |
|
Single parent
|
1 (4.3%)b
|
9 (22.5%)e
|
27.56
|
1
|
≤ .01
|
|
Co-habitant parent
|
21 (91.3%)
|
30 (75%)
|
|
Employment status
| | | |
|
Full/part time worker
|
18 (78.3%)e
|
36 (90%)c
|
111.97
|
6
|
≤ .01
|
|
Parental/sick leave /unemployed
|
4 (17.4%)
|
2 (5%)
|
|
Health status
| | | | | |
|
Healthy
|
18 (78.3%)e
|
33 (82.5%)e
|
27.56
|
1
|
≤ .01
|
|
Doctor diagnosis
|
4 (17.4%)
|
6 (15%)
|
- M = Mean, SD = Standard deviation, z = z-value, χ2 = chi-square, U = Mann–Whitney U, df = degrees of freedom, p = p-value, EA = Esophageal atresia
- a The severity of EA was divided into mild/moderate and severe according to predefined clinical criteria published elsewhere [26]
- b 7 missings
- c 2 missings
- d 6 missings
- e 1 missing
