Table 2 Gender differences in HHT involvement
From: Gender differences in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia severity
Female (n = 142) | Male (n = 100) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Hepatic assessment | |||
Hepatic manifestations | 10 (7.1%) | 0 | 0.006 |
Ischemic cholangitis/right-upper abdominal pain | 6 (4.2%) | 0 | 0.044 |
Heart failure* | 8 (5.6%) | 0 | 0.022 |
Hepatic encephalopathy | 0 | 0 | – |
TTE | 139 (97.9%) | 97 (97%) | 0.693 |
Cardiac index, L/min/m2 (mean ± SD) | 3.21 ± 0.87 | 2.87 ± 0.75 | 0.010 |
Cardiac Index > 4 | 17 (11.9%) | 4 (4%) | 0.055 |
Abdominal CT | 126 (88.7%) | 90 (90%) | 0.754 |
Hepatic involvement | 85 (59.8%) | 47 (47%) | 0.024 |
Arteriovenous shunt | 40 (28.2%) | 13 (13%) | 0.026 |
Bile duct dilatation | 7 (4.9%) | 0 | 0.043 |
Portovenous shunt | 13 (9.1%) | 9 (9%) | 0.590 |
Arterioportal shunt | 28 (19.7%) | 19 (19%) | 0.417 |
Hepatic telangiectasia | 58 (40.8%) | 27 (27%) | 0.182 |
FNH/NRH | 10 (7%) | 5 (5%) | 0.827 |
Tortuous or enlarged hepatic artery | 30 (21.1%) | 13 (13%) | 0.346 |
Other intrabdominal involvement at abdominal CT | 46 (32.4%) | 36 (36%) | 0.639 |
Pancreatic | 27 (19%) | 19 (19%) | 0.514 |
Splenic | 13 (9.1%) | 10 (10%) | 0.912 |
Renal | 6 (4.2%) | 6 (6%) | 0.675 |
Arterial | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (2%) | 0.582 |
Pulmonary assessment | |||
Pulmonary Manifestations | 14 (9.9%) | 9 (9%) | 0.822 |
Dyspnea | 7 (4.9%) | 2 (2%) | 0.313 |
Respiratory failure | 5 (3.5%) | 1 (1%) | 0.405 |
Hemoptysis | 0 | 2 (2%) | 0.170 |
Ischemic stroke | 6 (4.2%) | 5 (5%) | 0.765 |
Abscess | 4 (2.8%) | 2 (2%) | 1.000 |
TTE | 139 (97.9%) | 97 (97%) | 0.693 |
R/L shunt contrast TTE | 99 (69.7%) | 62 (62%) | 0.128 |
Shunt ≥2 | 53 (37.3%) | 24 (24%) | 0.022 |
sPAP at TTE, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 32.92 ± 10.21 | 31.28 ± 10.07 | 0.387 |
sPAP> 40 mmHg | 15 (10.5%) | 5 (5%) | 0.164 |
Thoracic CT | 57 (40.1%) | 24 (24%) | 0.007 |
Pulmonary AVMs | 50 (35.2%) | 23 (23%) | 0.036 |
CNS assessment | |||
CNS manifestations | 3 (2.1%) | 1 (1%) | 0.644 |
Cerebral haemorrhage | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (1%) | 1.000 |
Headache | 2 (1.4%) | 0 | 0.513 |
CNS imaging study | 49 (34.5%) | 42 (42%) | 0.257 |
Pathological vascular imaging | 7 (4.9%) | 5 (5%) | 0.706 |
Gastrointestinal assessment | |||
Suspected and studied | 34 (23.9%) | 24 (24%) | 0.992 |
GI telangiectasia | 29 (20.4%) | 23 (23%) | 0.223 |
Location of telangiectasia: | |||
Stomach | 25 (17.6%) | 17 (17%) | 0.903 |
Duodenum | 14 (9.8%) | 21 (21%) | 0.015 |
Colon | 4 (2.8%) | 6 (6%) | 0.326 |
Ileum-Jejunum** | 10 (7.1%) | 7 (7%) | 0.129 |