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Table 1 Perinatal factors of Prader-Willi syndrome and comparison with the general population in China

From: Perinatal features of Prader-Willi syndrome: a Chinese cohort of 134 patients

Perinatal factors

Total (N = 134)

Deletion (n = 115)

UPD (n = 19)

Population statistics

P value*

Maternal variables

 Maternal age (year), mean ± SD (range)

30.5 ± 5.5 (18–46)

29.6 ± 5.0 (18.0–46.0)

36.0 ± 6.1 (21.4–44.5)

26.7 ± 4.3[6]

< 0.001

 Maternal pre-pregnancy weight (kg), mean ± SD

55.8 ± 8.4

55.2 ± 8.3

59.9 ± 7.8

NA

0.047**

 Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD

21.7 ± 3.1

21.4 ± 3.0

23.3 ± 2.9

20.7 ± 3.1[6]

0.061**

 Fetal movements, n (%)a: Decreased

109 (87.9%)

94 (87.0%)

15 (93.7%)

NA

0.69

 Normal

14 (11.3%)

13 (11.3%)

1 (5.3%)

NA

 Increased

1 (0.8%)

1 (0.9%)

0 (0.0%)

NA

 Pregnancy hypertension, n (%)

3 (2.2%)

3 (2.6%)

0 (0.0%)

3.6%[6]

0.51

 Gestational diabetes, n (%)

7 (5.2%)

7 (5.9%)

0 (0.0%)

8.1%[6]

0.31

 Preeclampsia, n (%)

0 (0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.52%[6]

 Polyhydramnios, n (%)

57 (42.5%)

49 (42.6%)

8 (42.1%)

1–3%[6]

0.79

 Oligohydramnios, n (%)

25 (18.7%)

23 (20.0%)

2 (10.5%)

0.4–4.0%[6]

0.49

 Premature rupture of membranes, n (%)

13 (9.7%)

12 (10.4%)

1 (5.3%)

2–4%[6]

0.69

 Mode of delivery, n (%): Vaginal

23 (17.2%)

19 (16.5%)

4 (21.1%)

65.1%[7]

 Caesarean section

111 (82.8%)

96 (83.5%)

15 (78.9%)

34.9%[7]

0.24

Neonatal variables

 Preterm birth (<  37 weeks), n (%)

22 (16.4%)

19 (16.5%)

3 (15.8%)

7.1%[8]

0.91

 Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg), n (%)

46 (34.3%)

40 (34.8%)

6 (31.6%)

7.2%[9]

0.79

 Birth length (cm), mean ± SD: Boys

48.5 ± 3.2

48.6 ± 2.8

48.0 ± 4.7

46.9–54.0 [10]

0.40

 Girls

49.4 ± 3.7

49.2 ± 3.9

50.3 ± 1.3

46.4–53.2 [10]

0.90

 Birth asphyxia, n (%)

43 (32.1%)

39 (34.0%)

4 (21.0%)

6.3%[6]

0.30

 Hospitalization at neonatal period: Yes, n (%)

127 (94.8%)

111 (96.5%)

107 (84.2%)

NA

0.06

  Duration (day), mean ± SD (range)

17.0 ± 13.6 (0–90)

18.1 ± 14.0 (0–90)

12.3 ± 8.8 (0–28)

NA

0.87

 Breast feeding, n (%)

15 (11.2%)

12 (10.4%)

3 (15.8%)

58.5%[9]

0.52

 Feeding difficulty, n (%)

133 (99.3%)

114 (99.1%)

19 (100%)

NA

0.81

 Feeding tube used, n (%)

93 (69.4%)

83 (72.2%)

10 (52.6%)

NA

0.11

 Weak cry, n (%)

131 (97.8%)

113 (98.3%)

18 (94.7%)

NA

0.37

 Hypotonia, n (%)

132 (98.5%)

114 (99.1%)

18 (94.7%)

NA

0.26

 Failure to thrive, n (%)

127 (94.8%)

109 (94.8%)

18 (94.7%)

8.1%[9]

0.99

  1. UPD Uniparental disomy, BMI Body mass index, SD Standard deviation, NA not available
  2. a: Lacking the information of fetal movement in 10 patients; *: compared using student’s t-test for continuous variables and Pearson χ2 test between the deletion and UPD groups; **: compared with one way ANCOVA after adjusting maternal age