From: Perinatal features of Prader-Willi syndrome: a Chinese cohort of 134 patients
Perinatal factors | Total (N = 134) | Deletion (n = 115) | UPD (n = 19) | Population statistics | P value* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal variables | |||||
Maternal age (year), mean ± SD (range) | 30.5 ± 5.5 (18–46) | 29.6 ± 5.0 (18.0–46.0) | 36.0 ± 6.1 (21.4–44.5) | 26.7 ± 4.3[6] | < 0.001 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy weight (kg), mean ± SD | 55.8 ± 8.4 | 55.2 ± 8.3 | 59.9 ± 7.8 | NA | 0.047** |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 21.7 ± 3.1 | 21.4 ± 3.0 | 23.3 ± 2.9 | 20.7 ± 3.1[6] | 0.061** |
Fetal movements, n (%)a: Decreased | 109 (87.9%) | 94 (87.0%) | 15 (93.7%) | NA | 0.69 |
Normal | 14 (11.3%) | 13 (11.3%) | 1 (5.3%) | NA | – |
Increased | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA | – |
Pregnancy hypertension, n (%) | 3 (2.2%) | 3 (2.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3.6%[6] | 0.51 |
Gestational diabetes, n (%) | 7 (5.2%) | 7 (5.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8.1%[6] | 0.31 |
Preeclampsia, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.52%[6] | – |
Polyhydramnios, n (%) | 57 (42.5%) | 49 (42.6%) | 8 (42.1%) | 1–3%[6] | 0.79 |
Oligohydramnios, n (%) | 25 (18.7%) | 23 (20.0%) | 2 (10.5%) | 0.4–4.0%[6] | 0.49 |
Premature rupture of membranes, n (%) | 13 (9.7%) | 12 (10.4%) | 1 (5.3%) | 2–4%[6] | 0.69 |
Mode of delivery, n (%): Vaginal | 23 (17.2%) | 19 (16.5%) | 4 (21.1%) | 65.1%[7] | – |
Caesarean section | 111 (82.8%) | 96 (83.5%) | 15 (78.9%) | 34.9%[7] | 0.24 |
Neonatal variables | |||||
Preterm birth (< 37 weeks), n (%) | 22 (16.4%) | 19 (16.5%) | 3 (15.8%) | 7.1%[8] | 0.91 |
Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg), n (%) | 46 (34.3%) | 40 (34.8%) | 6 (31.6%) | 7.2%[9] | 0.79 |
Birth length (cm), mean ± SD: Boys | 48.5 ± 3.2 | 48.6 ± 2.8 | 48.0 ± 4.7 | 46.9–54.0 [10] | 0.40 |
Girls | 49.4 ± 3.7 | 49.2 ± 3.9 | 50.3 ± 1.3 | 46.4–53.2 [10] | 0.90 |
Birth asphyxia, n (%) | 43 (32.1%) | 39 (34.0%) | 4 (21.0%) | 6.3%[6] | 0.30 |
Hospitalization at neonatal period: Yes, n (%) | 127 (94.8%) | 111 (96.5%) | 107 (84.2%) | NA | 0.06 |
Duration (day), mean ± SD (range) | 17.0 ± 13.6 (0–90) | 18.1 ± 14.0 (0–90) | 12.3 ± 8.8 (0–28) | NA | 0.87 |
Breast feeding, n (%) | 15 (11.2%) | 12 (10.4%) | 3 (15.8%) | 58.5%[9] | 0.52 |
Feeding difficulty, n (%) | 133 (99.3%) | 114 (99.1%) | 19 (100%) | NA | 0.81 |
Feeding tube used, n (%) | 93 (69.4%) | 83 (72.2%) | 10 (52.6%) | NA | 0.11 |
Weak cry, n (%) | 131 (97.8%) | 113 (98.3%) | 18 (94.7%) | NA | 0.37 |
Hypotonia, n (%) | 132 (98.5%) | 114 (99.1%) | 18 (94.7%) | NA | 0.26 |
Failure to thrive, n (%) | 127 (94.8%) | 109 (94.8%) | 18 (94.7%) | 8.1%[9] | 0.99 |