Quality of life of children with spinal muscular atrophy and their caregivers from the perspective of caregivers: a Chinese cross-sectional study

Table 4 Average scores of proxy-reported PedsQL 3.0 Neuromuscular Module across disease-related characteristics (n = 87)

	Mobility						Stable course of disease			Skeletal deformity			Digestive system dysfunction
	Non-sitter (n = 34)	Sitter (n = 37)	Walker (n = 16)	Effect size (d)			No (n = 33)	Yes (n = 54)	Effect size(d)	No (n = 21)	Yes (n = 66)	Effect size(d)	No (n = 70)	Yes (n = 17)	Effect size(d)
	Non-sitter (n = 34)	Sitter (n = 37)	Walker (n = 16)	Non-sitter versus sitter	Non-sitter versus Walker	Sitter versus Walker	No (n = 33)	Yes (n = 54)	Effect size(d)	No (n = 21)	Yes (n = 66)	Effect size(d)	No (n = 70)	Yes (n = 17)	Effect size(d)
Total score	43.03 ± 11.98	52.51 ± 13.48^a	66.38 ± 19.58^b,c	0.70	1.19	0.71	57.67 ± 15.51	47.50 ± 15.80	0.64	57.67 ± 17.84	49.35 ± 15.48	0.47	54.20 ± 16.28	39.65 ± 10.77	0.89
Neuromuscular disease	40.27 ± 12.70	53.97 ± 12.68^a	67.28 ± 19.98^b,c	1.08	1.35	0.67	57.53 ± 16.46	47.11 ± 16.65	0.63	57.56 ± 17.31	49.00 ± 16.83	0.49	54.52 ± 16.68	36.85 ± 11.48	1.06
Communication	72.79 ± 28.89	69.82 ± 26.89	75.00 ± 30.28	0.10	0.07	0.17	76.77 ± 27.54	68.98 ± 28.20	0.28	73.41 ± 26.83	71.46 ± 28.61	0.07	71.07 ± 28.51	75.49 ± 26.59	0.16
Family resources	34.56 ± 16.67	37.16 ± 23.99	59.38 ± 23.23^b,c	0.11	1.07	0.93	46.67 ± 24.20	36.30 ± 21.44	0.29	49.52 ± 26.64	37.27 ± 21.02	0.46	43.29 ± 23.14	27.65 ± 17.69	0.68

Values in the table are means, standard deviations and effect sized. Effect size (Cohen’s d) is interpreted as: 0.2 ≤ d < 0.5 small difference, 0.5 ≤ d < 0.8 moderate, and d ≥ 0.8 large
Bold prints indicate P < 0.05
^aPost hoc significance between non-sitter and sitter
^bPost hoc significance between non-sitter and walker
^cPost hoc significance between sitter and walker

ISSN: 1750-1172