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Table 2 Cognitive Functioning Results

From: Correction to: Classical galactosemia: neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning beyond intellectual abilities

Domain

N

Results patients

P-valuea

N

FSIQ 50–69 (Group 1)

N

FSIQ 70–85

(Group 2)

N

FSIQ > 85

(Group 3)

P-valueb

Learning & Memory

 - AVLT Immediate Recall

19

46.0 (9–61)

0.029

4

40.0 (9–46)

11

45.00 (35–61)

4

49.50 (47–51)

0.121

 - AVLT Delayed Recall

19

46.0 (15–65)

0.545

4

49.5 (15–58)

11

46.00 (34–65)

4

50.00 (43–55)

0.956

 - AVLT Delayed / Immediate

19

52.0 (38–65)

0.445

4

55.5 (43–62)

11

52.00 (38–65)

4

52.00 (39–62)

0.803

 - Digit span

35

43.0 (20–63)

< 0.0005c

8

30.00 (20–57)

15

43.00 (27–60)

12

48.50 (33–63)

0.017

Visuospatial functioning

 - GIT-2a spatial test

19

36.0 (23–50)

< 0.0005c

4

26.5 (23–40)

11

35.0 (28–40)

4

41.5 (40–50)

0.019

 - Block design

42

38.5 (20–53)

< 0.0005c

9

30.0 (20–40)

17

37.0 (27–50)

16

37.0 (33–53)

< 0.0005c

Executive functioning

Inhibition

 - Stroop III (Inhibition)

25

45.0 (20–56)

0.003c

6

27.0 (20–49)

13

48.00 (22–56)

6

46.0 (35–53)

0.078

 - Stroop III/II (Interference)

25

49.0 (30–66)

0.537

6

43.0 (30–60)

13

50.00 (31–66)

6

47.5 (40–63)

0.642

Cognitive flexibility

 - WCST Total number of errors

24

50.5 (27–67)

0.988

6

46.0 (27–50)

12

51.50 (37–67)

6

52.0 (39–64)

0.134

 - WCST Perseverative responses

24

51.0 (30–81)

0.626

6

46.0 (33–52)

12

53.00 (30–81)

6

52.0 (35–73)

0.278

 - WCST Percent conceptual level responses

24

49.5 (27–64)

0.951

6

48.0 (27–51)

12

52.00 (39–64)

6

51.0 (37–62)

0.270

 - TMT B/A

25

44.0 (27–57)

0.002c

6

45.0 (27–50)

13

43.00 (27–57)

6

48.5 (40–57)

0.510

 - Letter fluency

19

37.0 (27–67)

0.001c

4

31.0 (28–38)

11

39.00 (31–67)

4

34.0 (27–56)

0.143

Mental Speed

 - Stroop I (Color naming)

25

40.0 (25–61)

0.001c

6

35.0 (25–43)

13

43.00 (35–61)

6

46.5 (33–55)

0.077

 - Stroop II (Word reading)

25

37.0 (20–56)

< 0.0005c

6

30.0 (20–40)

13

43.00 (20–56)

6

39.0 (33–56)

0.063

 - TMT A (Digit sequencing)

25

52.0 (20–67)

0.352

6

50.5 (20–59)

13

56.00 (43–67)

6

47.5 (33–67)

0.173

 - TMT B (Digit-Letter-Switching)

25

45.0 (20–58)

0.003c

6

33.5 (20–47)

13

46.00 (20–58)

6

45.0 (33–56)

0.111

 - Symbol search

41

43.0 (20–67)

< 0.0005c

9

23.0 (20–50)

17

40.00 (27–67)

15

47.0 (40–60)

0.001c

 - Substitution

42

40.0 (23–57)

< 0.0005c

9

30.0 (23–47)

17

40.00 (30–57)

16

43.0 (33–53)

0.006

  1. Data reported in T-scores, median (ranges). a Patient data vs. normative data (T-score 50), b Comparison between FSIQ groups, c Significant after Bonferroni-Holm correction. FSIQ full scale IQ, AVLT auditory verbal learning test, GIT-II groninger intelligentie test 2, Stroop stroop color word test, WCST wisconsin card sorting test, TMT trail making test