Table 3 Overview of the literature on surgical treatment of fibrous dysplasia of the proximal femur

Grafts

Harris et al. (1962) [10]

10

Cancellous Autograft

Unknown

5/10

Poor in 50%

Nakashima et al. (1984) [21]

8

Autograft (unknown origin)

Unknown

2/8

Poor in 25%

Enneking er al. (1986) [24]

15

Cortical Autograft

6 years

2/15

Poor in 2out of 15 (revision surgery)

Stephenson et al. (1987) [20]

18

Cancellous Autograft

10.4 years

25/31

Poor in 81%

Guille et al. (1998) [19]

22

Cancellous Autograft

15 years

22/22

Resorption of graft in 100%

Ippolito et al. (2003) [11]

5

Cancellous Autograft*

Unknown

3/5

Poor in 60% (revision surgery)

George et al. (2008) [25]

8

Cortical Autografts

4.1 years

1/8

Poor in 12.5% (recurrence).

Tong et al. (2013) [27]

13

Cancellous Autograft with internal fixation

12–32 months

0/13

No patients required revision surgery

Kushare et al. (2014) [13]

8

Various Grafts

3 years

Unknown

Unclear

Nishida et al. (2015) [26]

8

Cortical Autograft with compression hip screw

75 months

0/8

No patient had poor outcome

Leet et al. (2016) [23]

46

Various Grafts

19.6 years

39/52

KM-survival: 50% survival at 14.5 years

Majoor et al. (2016) [17]

28

Cortical Allograft

13 years

13/28

Good outcome in patients without a preoperative fracture and adequate proximal anchoring

Intramedullary Nail

Harris et al. (1962) [10]

3

Single intramedullary rod

Unknown

1/3

The only patient with fibrous dysplasia of the collum developed a severe varus deformity

Freeman et al. (1987) [29]

6

Multiple osteotomies with a Zickel Nail

34.5 months

2/6

Two patients needed revision surgery.

Keijser et al. (2001) [22]

5

Intramedullary nails, additional multiple osteotomies in one patient

19.4 years

3/5

Three patients needed at least one revision surgery after the first IMN.

O’Sullivan et al. (2002) [39]

10

Bilateral osteotomies and Sheffield rods

18 months

3/10

Three femurs needed revision surgery. 4/5 patients had a bad functional outcome due to severe coxa vara.

Ippolito et al. (2003) [11]

19

Interlocking cephalomedullary nails

Unknown

0/19

All patients had a good outcome with no worsening of deformities

Jung et al. (2006) [30]

7

Multiple osteotomies with intramedullary nails

30 months

0/7

No patients needed a revision surgery and good functional outcome in all patients

Yang et al. (2010) [14]

14

Valgus osteotomy with intramedullary nails

75.3 months

0/14

No patient needed revision surgery

Zhang et al. (2012) [32]

28

IMN, additional osteotomy in 8 patients

50 months

0/28

No patients needed revision surgery. Good functional outcome in the majority

Kushare et al. (2014) [13]

16

Intramedullary nails

3 years

1/16

One patient required further surgery and 5 had pain at last follow-up

Ippolito et al. (2015) [16]

11

Two stage coxa vara correction and definitive fixation with an interlocking nail

4.7 years

4/11

Four patients had complications after the first surgery and another four needed further surgery after the second implant.

Benedetti Valentini et al. (2015) [15]

8

Customized adult humeral nail in children (4–7 years)

2.9 years

3/8

Three patients required revision surgery as an adult. One patient required distal screw removal and acquired nail breakage

Present study

5

Intramedullary nails, one of which was customized

4.1 years

0/5

All patients had a good outcome with no worsening of deformities

Angled Blade Plate

Ippolito et al. (2003) [11]

2

Angled blade plates after valgus osteotomy

4.5 years

1/2

One failed due to cutting out of the plate. The other ABP had a good outcome.

Leet et al. (2016) [23]

2

Angled Blade Plates

Unknown

Unknown

Outcome of ABP not described

Ippolito et al. (2015) [16]

8

Angled Blade Plates

Unknown

1/8

One patient had screw loosening with lateralization of the plate

Present study

28

Angled Blade Plates, 8 of which were customized

4.1 years

2/28

Two failures, in 7 patients ABP removed due to complaints of the iliotibial tract

Dynamic/Compression Hip Screw

Li et al. (2013) [34]

21

Valgus osteotomy with DHS fixation

19–128 months

2/21

One patient revision surgery with an intramedullary nail after a fracture and one had a loose lag screw.

Tong et al. (2013) [27]

2

Valgus osteotomy with DHS fixation

12–32 months

0/2

No patient needed revision surgery

Nishida et al. (2015) [26]

8

Cortical Autograft with compression hip screw

75 months

0/8

No patient needed revision surgery