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Table 7 Associations between ARM and maternal use of anti-infectives

From: Maternal drug use and the risk of anorectal malformations: systematic review and meta-analysis

 

Maternal use of anti-infectives

 

Ref.

First author, year

Exposure

ORcrude [95% CI]

ORadj [95% CI]

Adjustment/matching factors

[63]

Crider, 2009

Any antibacterial medication use

–

1.0 [0.7, 1.3]

Maternal age, race, education, prepregnancy BMI, time from the estimated date of delivery to the interview, use of folic acid or multivitamins, and any periconceptional smoking or alcohol use

Penicillins

–

0.8 [0.5, 1.2]

Erythromycins

–

1.0 [0.4, 2.1]

Nitrofurantoins

–

1.1 [0.4, 3.0]

Sulfonamides

–

1.0 [0.4, 2.9]

Cephalosporins

–

1.6 [0.7, 3.5]

[62]

Carter, 2008

Antifungal drugs

–

1.4 [0.66, 3.06]

Pregnancy BMI, maternal education

[70]

Czeizel, 2001

Cephalexin

0.7 [0.1, 3.4]

–

–

Cefuroxime

1.0 [0.0, 51.9]

  

[72]

Stoll, 1997

Antibiotics

0.6 [0.23, 1.47]

–

–