From: Maternal drug use and the risk of anorectal malformations: systematic review and meta-analysis
 | Maternal use of anti-infectives |  | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ref. | First author, year | Exposure | ORcrude [95% CI] | ORadj [95% CI] | Adjustment/matching factors |
[63] | Crider, 2009 | Any antibacterial medication use | – | 1.0 [0.7, 1.3] | Maternal age, race, education, prepregnancy BMI, time from the estimated date of delivery to the interview, use of folic acid or multivitamins, and any periconceptional smoking or alcohol use |
Penicillins | – | 0.8 [0.5, 1.2] | |||
Erythromycins | – | 1.0 [0.4, 2.1] | |||
Nitrofurantoins | – | 1.1 [0.4, 3.0] | |||
Sulfonamides | – | 1.0 [0.4, 2.9] | |||
Cephalosporins | – | 1.6 [0.7, 3.5] | |||
[62] | Carter, 2008 | Antifungal drugs | – | 1.4 [0.66, 3.06] | Pregnancy BMI, maternal education |
[70] | Czeizel, 2001 | Cephalexin | 0.7 [0.1, 3.4] | – | – |
Cefuroxime | 1.0 [0.0, 51.9] | Â | Â | ||
[72] | Stoll, 1997 | Antibiotics | 0.6 [0.23, 1.47] | – | – |