Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome: a systematic review of its epidemiology, demographics and risk factors

Table 1 Studies since 1990 reporting on distribution of uveitis types

Author	Data range	Country	Design	TINU cases/ population(n)	TINU cases (%)
‘All-age’ Studies with >500 patients
Rodriguez [47]	1982–1992	USA	Retrospective	0/1237	0
Rothova [48]	1984–1989	The Netherlands	Retrospective	0/865	0
Mackensen [7]*	1985–2005	USA	Retrospective	33/1985	1.66
Mercanti [49]	1986–1993	Italy	Retrospective	0/655	0
Oruc [50]	1990–1995	USA	Retrospective	0/853	0
Tran [51]	1990–1993	Switzerland	Prospective	0/558	0
Jones [9]	1991–2013	UK	Prospective	7/3000	0.23
Kotake [52]	1994	Japan	Retrospective	4/551	0.73
Barisani-Asenbauer [53]	1995–2009	Austria	Retrospective	0/2619	0
Rathinam [54]	1996–2001	India	Retrospective	0/8759	0
Singh [55]	1996–2001	India	Retrospective	0/1233	0
Yang [56]	1996–2003	China	Retrospective	0/1752	0
Soheilian [57]	1997–2000	Iran	Retrospective	0/544	0
Jakob [12]	2001–2006	Germany	Retrospective	10/1916	0.52
Al Dhibi [58]	2001–2010	Saudi Arabia	Retrospective	0/888	0
Kazokoglu [59]	2004	Turkey	Prospective	0/761	0
Ohguro [8]	2009–2010	Japan	Prospective	15/3830	0.39
Gonzalez Fernandez [60]	2012–2013	Brazil	Prospective	0/1053	0
Total				69/33059	0.21
Paediatric Studies with >250 patients
Smith [61]	1980–2005	USA	Retrospective	12/527	2.28
Kump [4]	1985–2003	USA	Retrospective	3/269	1.12
BenEzra [62]	1989–1999	Israel	Retrospective	4/275	1.45
Paroli [63]	1995–2004	Italy	Retrospective	4/257	1.55
Total				23/1328	1.73

For inclusion a minimum number of 500 was required for ‘all age’ cohorts and a minimum number of 250 patients for paediatric cohorts. As discussed in the text, it should be recognised that studies which report 0 cases of TINU may do so due to (1) a true rarity in that population, (2) non-reporting of diagnosed cases (eg studies marked with a ‘+’ include the listing of ‘other diagnoses’ which could potentially include TINU cases), or (3) underdiagnosis
*Includes ‘possible’ as well as ‘probable’ and ‘definite’ cases

ISSN: 1750-1172