Table 3 Muscle strength measured by hand-held dynamometry (HHD) before and after 12 weeks of training
Before training | After training | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
HHD of individual muscle groups (Newton) (N = 23) | |||
• Neck extensors | 142.1 ± 18.4 | 140.4 ± 13.8 | 0.65 |
• Neck flexors | 124.7 ± 40.2 | 132.1 ± 33.9 | 0.09 |
• Shoulder abductors | 143.1 ± 29.1 | 150.7 ± 35.4 | 0.02 |
• Elbow flexors | 226.4 ± 41.5 | 230.8 ± 42.3 | 0.42 |
• Elbow extensors | 180.5 ± 20.1 | 176.2 ± 25.3 | 0.27 |
• Hip flexors | 156.4 ± 61.9 | 180.7 ± 57.7 | <0.01 |
• Hip abductors | 159.4 ± 58.3 | 158.0 ± 68.1 | 0.75 |
• Knee extensors | 189.2 ± 34.1 | 193.0 ± 31.8 | 0.27 |
• Knee flexors | 121.2 ± 57.2 | 122.6 ± 56.7 | 0.51 |