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Table 3 Cognitive assessment adjusted means (±S.E.)

From: Selective cognitive and psychiatric manifestations in Wolfram Syndrome

 

Normative average

WFS

T1DM

HC

p

  

N

M

N

M

N

M

 

WTAR scaled scorec

100

14

104.1 ± 2.5

21

105.3 ± 2.0

18

109.2 ± 2.2

0.28

VIQc

100

14

111.8 ± 3.5

25

108.2 ± 2.6

24

108.8 ± 2.7

0.70

Spatial relations scaled scorec

100

17

107.1 ± 2.3

25

104.6 ± 1.9

25

110.7 ± 1.9

0.08

L-N sequencing scaled scorec

10

14

11.1 ± 0.7

25

12.1 ± 0.6

24

10.2 ± 0.6

0.06

Digit span scaled scorec

10

14

12.1 ± 0.9

25

10.9 ± 0.7

22

12.4 ± 0.7

0.27

CVLT short delay recall z-scorec

0

14

0.6 ± 0.2

23

0.1 ± 0.2

24

−0.1 ± 0.2

0.07

CVLT long delay recall z-scorec

0

14

0.7 ± 0.2a,b

23

0.0 ± 0.2

24

−0.1 ± 0.2

0.02*

CPT hit reaction t-scored

50

13

39.2 ± 2.5

25

38.8 ± 1.8

25

42.8 ± 1.8

0.27

CPT detectability t-scored

50

13

48.1 ± 2.7b

25

56.3 ± 1.9

25

53.3 ± 1.9

0.05*

UPSIT raw scoresc

35+

19

23.6 ± 1.4a,b

25

31.0 ± 1.2

24

30.1 ± 1.2

<0.001*

  1. p values shown for the main effect of group in univariate GLM analyses for each measure after correcting for age and gender
  2. *significant at p < 0.05
  3. adifferent from HC group
  4. bdifferent from T1DM group
  5. chigher average = better performance
  6. dlower average = better performance