Stage | Clinical characteristics of DMD and BMD boys/men |
---|---|
I | Early ambulatory with mild impairment: Gowers’ maneuver, waddling gait, walking on toes, problems with climbing stairs. |
II | Late ambulatory with high impairment: Walking becomes increasingly difficult, more problems climbing stairs and getting up from the floor, part-time wheelchair use. |
III | Early non-ambulatory: Loss of ambulation, active manual wheelchair use possible, independent standing and sitting still possible for some time. |
IV | Late non-ambulatory: Independent electric wheelchair use but decline of upper limb function and ability to sit independently. |
V | Non-ambulatory with confinement to bed: Loss of independent mobility, hand function preserved on a low level. |