Table 2 Common major structural malformations in the trisomy 18 syndrome
From: The trisomy 18 syndrome
Frequency | Organ/System | Prevalent type of malformation |
|---|---|---|
Common (>75%) | heart | septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and polyvalvular disease |
Frequent (25-75%) | genitourinary | horseshoe kidney |
Less frequent (5-25%) | gastrointestinal | omphalocele, esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula, pyloric stenosis, Meckel diverticulum |
central nervous system | cerebellar hypoplasia, agenesis of corpus callosum, polymicrogyria, spina bifida | |
craniofacial | orofacial clefts | |
eye | microphthalmia, coloboma, cataract, corneal opacities | |
limb | radial aplasia/hypoplasia |