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Table 1 Characteristics of ARM patients born between 1997 and 2011

From: Assisted reproductive techniques and the risk of anorectal malformations: a German case-control study

 

ARM patients (n = 295)

Unassisted conception (n = 265)

ART (n = 30)

P value

Classification

   

0.27#

 Perineal (cutaneous) fistula

107 (36%)

99 (37%)

8 (27%)

 

 Recto-urethral fistula

71 (24)

63 (24%)

8 (27%)

 

 Recto-vesical fistula

14 (5%)

10 (4%)

4 (13%)

 

 Vestibular fistula

37 (13%)

34 (13%)

3 (10%)

 

 Cloaca

17 (6%)

16 (6%)

1 (3%)

 

 Anal atresia without fistula

35 (12%)

29 (11%)

6 (20%)

 

 Anal stenosis

5 (2%)

5 (2%)

0

 

 Recto-vaginal fistula

3 (1%)

3 (1%)

0

 

 Others

6 (2%)

6 (2%)

0

 

ARM differentiation

   

0.05#

 Isolated malformations

132 (45%)

124 (47%)

8 (27%)

 

 Associated malformations

163 (55%)

141 (53%)

22 (73%)

 

 Vertebral anomalies

58 (20%)

48 (18%)

10 (33%)

0.06#

 Cardiovascular anomalies

70 (24%)

64 (24%)

6 (20%)

0.82#

 Tracheo-esophageal fistula and/or esophageal atresia

33 (11%)

27 (10%)

6 (20%)

0.12#

 Renal (kidney) anomalies

90 (31%)

76 (29%)

14 (47%)

0.06#

 Limb defects

28 (10%)

25 (9%)

3 (10%)

1.00#

 VATER/VACTERL association

64 (22%)

58 (22%)

6 (20%)

1.00#

Gender

   

0.24#

 Male

172 (58%)

151 (57%)

21 (70%)

 

 Female

123 (42%)

114 (43%)

9 (30%)

 

Birth plurality

   

<0.0001#

 Singletons

265 (90%)

249 (94%)

16 (53%)

 

 Twins

26 (9%)

16 (6%)

10 (33%)

 

 Triplets and more

4 (1%)

0

4 (13%)

 

Gestational age (weeks)*, median (IQR)

38 (36–40)

38 (36–40)

37 (34–38)

0.002

Birth weight (gram)*, median (IQR)

2,990 (2,413–3,374)

3,030 (2,457–3,400)

2,702 (1,880–3,140)

0.01

Age of patient at time of study (years), median (IQR)

2 (0–7)

2 (0–6)

2 (1–8)

0.23

Maternal age (years), mean ± SD

32 ± 5.3

32 ± 5.5

32 ± 4.0

0.15Δ

Maternal BMI (kg/m2)**, median (IQR)

22.6 (20.5–25.3)

22.5 (20.6–25.2)

23.0 (20.4–26.2)

0.80

  1. * Data was missing in one patient born after unassisted conception.
  2. ** Data was missing in two patients born after ART and ten patients born after unassisted conception.
  3. # Calculated by the Fisher’s exact test.
  4. ‡ Calculated by the Mann–Whitney U-test.
  5. Δ Calculated by the t-test.
  6. ART = assisted reproductive techniques, BMI = body mass index, SD = standard deviation, IQR = interquartile range.