Table 2 Frequent non-syndromic associated malformations [1]

Digestive tract

(16 to 67%)

[19, 31, 32, 45, 46]

Esophageal atresia (20 to 37%)

Tracheo-esophageal fistula (10 to 20%)

Anal atresia (21%)

Abnormal intestinal rotation (13%)

Meconium ileus (8%)

Microgastria

Exomphalos

Genitourinary tract

(14 to 44%)

[39]

Hypospadias (7 to 13%)

Kidney malformation (4%)

Inguinal hernia, cryptorchidism

Cardiovascular system

(16 to 33%)

Coarctation of the aorta, transposition of the great vessels

Ductus arteriosus

Craniofacial

(5 to 15%)

Cleft lip and palate (5%)

Choanal atresia

Micrognathia, glossoptosis

Hypertelorism, dysmorphia

Anomaly of the external ear

Tracheo-broncho-pulmonary

(2 to 9%)

[46]

Short trachea

Bronchial, tracheal stenosis

Abnormal lung segmentation, hypoplasia