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Table 7 Associations between periconceptional exposures to diabetes mellitus

From: Parental risk factors and anorectal malformations: systematic review and meta-analysis

  

Maternal diabetes mellitus

 

Ref.

   First author, year

Exposure

OR [95% CI]

P value

Adjustment/matching factors

[25]

   Bánhidy, 2010

Gestational diabetes

2.2 [0.7, 6.8]

-

Adjusted for: maternal age and employment status, birth order and maternal hypertension

[34]

   Correa, 2008

Diabetes mellitus**

Pre-gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes

2.15 [1.31, 3.55]

4.70 [1.55, 14.26]

1.91 [1.02, 3.56]

0.005

-

-

Adjusted for: maternal age, race/ethnicity, entry into prenatal care, BMI, study center and household income

[32]

   Frías, 2007*

Diabetes mellitus**

Pre-gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes

1.43 [0.92, 2.25]

2.87 [1.20, 6.87]

1.18 [0.71, 1.98]

0.13

0.04

0.48

-

[24]

   Aberg, 2001

Pre-gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes

8.18 [3.86, 17.34]

3.29 [1.63, 6.63]

< 0.00001

0.0008

-

[7]

   Correa, 2003

Diabetes mellitus

4.32 [1.50, 12.47]

-

Adjusted for: infant's period of birth, maternal race, age, education, prenatal cigarette smoking and prenatal alcohol consumption

[36]

   Martínez-Frías, 1998

Gestational diabetes

1.51 [0.60, 3.55]

1.56 [0.49, 4.40]†

1.27 [0.20, 5.54]‡

1.70 [0.67, 3.98]#

4.19 [0.66, 26.74]§

-

-

[38]

   Stoll, 1997

Diabetes mellitus

0.01 [0.02, 1.38]

-

-

[43]

   Martínez-Frías, 1994*

Pre-gestational diabetes

2.57 [0.69, 9.60]

0.19

-

  1. * Studies reported on the quotient of congenital anomaly frequencies only (frequency ratio: FR). We calculated the corresponding OR by data given in the articles.
  2. ** Studies reported on pre-gestational and gestational diabetes. We calculated the OR for any diabetes mellitus by data given in the articles.
  3. † Restricted to: maternal age (≤ 34 years)
  4. ‡ Restricted to: maternal age (≥35 years)
  5. # Restricted to: non-consanguineous parents
  6. § Restricted to: insulin treatment