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Table 4 Associations between periconceptional exposures to caffeine intake

From: Parental risk factors and anorectal malformations: systematic review and meta-analysis

  

Maternal caffeine exposure*

 

Ref.

   First author, year

Exposure

OR [95% CI]

Adjustment/matching factors

[37]

   Miller, 2009

< 10 mg

10-99 mg

100-299 mg

≥300 mg

1.0 Reference

1.4 [0.9, 2.3]

1.9 [1.2, 3.0]

1.5 [0.9, 2.7]

None of the variables met the criteria for confounding by the author; therefore, only the unadjusted odds ratios were presented

  1. * Caffeine intake per day in the year before pregnancy