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Table 3 Associations between periconceptional exposures to alcohol

From: Parental risk factors and anorectal malformations: systematic review and meta-analysis

  

Maternal alcohol use

  

Paternal alcohol use

   

Ref.

   First author, year

Exposure

OR [95% CI]

P value

Exposure

OR [95% CI]

P value

Adjustment/matching factors

[39]

   van Rooij, 2010

Alcohol consumption before or during pregnancy

1.0 [0.6, 1.5]

1.0

Alcohol consumption three

months before conception

1.3 [0.7, 2.5]

0.33

-

[37]

   Miller, 2009*

Non-drinker

Average ≤ 1.5 drink/day

Average > 1.5 drink/day

≥5 alcoholic drinks

Drank any alcohol

1.0 Reference

1.0 [0.7, 1.5]

1.2 [0.9, 1.6]

0.9 [0.6, 1.6]

0.9 [0.7, 1.2]

-

-

-

-

None of the variables met the criteria

for confounding by the author; therefore,

only the unadjusted odds ratios were presented

[38]

   Stoll, 1997

Any alcohol

1.25 [0.07, 21.04]

-

-

-

-

-

[30]

   Yuan, 1995

Any alcohol

4.77 [1.39, 16.38]

-

-

-

-

Matched by: maternal age groups (5-years interval),

sex, parity and season of birth

  1. * Exposure during the month before pregnancy to the third month of pregnancy.